“3.01”暴恐事件对昆明入境旅游的影响

旅游业是一个对外界环境较敏感的行业,易受到突发事件的影响。暴恐事件属于危机事件的一种形式,由于其突发性、不确定性,对旅游业的破坏力大、持续时间长,因此应积极采取应对措施来降低暴恐事件给旅游业带来的冲击和损失。搜集昆明近三十年来的入境旅游统计数据,建立昆明入境旅游客流量和旅游外汇收入本底趋势线,结合月指数和本底线距平方法,高分辨率地分析了"3. 01"暴恐事件的影响。研究发现:2014年"3. 01"暴恐事件发生之后,昆明入境旅游客流量和入境旅游外汇收入受到了严重的冲击,2014—2016年三年共损失客流量86. 7万人次,损失率高达19. 3%;入境旅游收入损失共计43688. 6万美元,损失率高达26. 2%,该影响持续至今并有逐年扩大趋势。     

采空区遗煤二次氧化特性分析及预防措施

通过调研国内外文献,分析和总结了煤二次氧化特性的宏观和微观实验研究现状及防灭火技术现状,从气体浓度、耗氧速率、特征温度、放热强度、官能团等方面综合论述了遗煤二次氧化的自燃特性及变化规律,指出了遗煤二次氧化的研究方法和遗煤自燃防治措施的新发展方向。     

天然除虫菊酯与拟除虫菊酯的对比及发展建议

在人工合成的化学农药造成严重环境污染的今天,随着人们健康和环保意识的不断提高,从除虫菊植株中提取出来的天然除虫菊酯以其高效广谱性和环境友好性再次引起人们的关注。通过对比天然除虫菊酯和目前使用广泛的人工合成的拟除虫菊酯,从化学结构、作用范围、杀虫效力、抗性、生态毒性、稳定性和成本等方面进行分析,发现拟除虫菊酯在应用过程中逐渐暴露出高抗性、毒性和环境蓄积性等弊端,而天然除虫菊酯却是具有环境友好性的生物农药。最后,从政策、市场需求和技术等层面对天然除虫菊酯的发展方向提出建议。     

燃煤电厂海水烟气脱硫工艺原理初探

海水烟气脱硫工艺是利用天然的纯海水（燃煤电厂可直接利用电厂的冷却循环水）作为烟气中ＳＯ２的吸收剂，无需其它任何添加剂，也不产生任何废弃物，具有技术成熟、工艺简单、系统运行可靠、脱硫效率高（理论脱硫效率可达９８％）和投资运行费用低等特点，目前在一些国家和地区已得到日益广泛的应用。本文是在部分模拟试验的基础上，对海水烟气脱硫工艺进行了简单的阐述。     

Field scale characterization and modeling of contaminant release from a coal tar source zone

A coal tar contaminated site was characterized using traditional and innovative investigation methods. A careful interpretation of hydrogeological and hydrogeochemical data allowed for the conceptualization of the heterogeneous coal tar distribution in the subsurface. Past and future contaminant release from the source zone was calculated using a modeling framework consisting of a three-dimensional steady-state groundwater flow model (MODFLOW) and two hydrogeochemical models (MIN3P). Computational time of long-term simulations was reduced by simplifying the coal tar composition using 3 composite and 2 individual constituents and sequential application of a 2D centerline model (for calibration and predictions) and a 3D model (only for predictions). Predictions were carried out for a period of 1000 years. The results reveal that contaminant mass flux is governed by the geometry of zones containing residual coal tar, amount of coal tar, its composition and the physicochemical properties of the constituents. The long-term predictions made using the 2D model show that even after 1000 years, source depletion will be small with respect to phenanthrene, 89% of initial mass will be still available, and for the moderately and sparingly soluble composite constituents, 60% and 98%, respectively.     

Heavy metal accumulation in Littoraria scabra along polluted and pristine mangrove areas of Tanzania

The periwinkle Littoraria scabra was collected at polluted and pristine mangrove sites along the Tanzanian coastline, including Msimbazi, Mbweni (i.e. Dar es Salaam) and Kisakasaka, Nyamanzi and Maruhubi (i.e. Zanzibar). Periwinkles were morphologically characterized, sexed and their heavy metal content was determined using ICP-MS. Analysis revealed that L. scabra from polluted areas contained higher soft tissue heavy metal levels, were significantly smaller and weighed less compared to their conspecifics from the unpolluted mangroves. The current morphological observations may be explained in terms of growth and/or mortality rate differences between the polluted and non-polluted sites. Although a variety of stressors may account for these adverse morphological patterns, our data suggest a close relationship with the soft tissue heavy metal content. Compared to soft tissue heavy metal levels that were measured in L. scabra along the same area in 1998, most metals, except for arsenic, chromium and iron have decreased dramatically.     

Sensitivity analysis of a parameterization of the stomatal component of the DO3SE model for Quercus ilex to estimate ozone fluxes

A sensitivity analysis of a proposed parameterization of the stomatal conductance (g(s)) module of the European ozone deposition model (DO(3)SE) for Quercus ilex was performed. The performance of the model was tested against measured g(s) in the field at three sites in Spain. The best fit of the model was found for those sites, or during those periods, facing no or mild stress conditions, but a worse performance was found under severe drought or temperature stress, mostly occurring at continental sites. The best performance was obtained when both f(phen) and f(SWP) were included. A local parameterization accounting for the lower temperatures recorded in winter and the higher water shortage at the continental sites resulted in a better performance of the model. The overall results indicate that two different parameterizations of the model are needed, one for marine-influenced sites and another one for continental sites.     

The ageing effect on the bioaccessibility and fractionation of arsenic in soils from China

Ingestion of contaminated soil has been recognized as an important exposure pathway of arsenic for humans, especially for children through outdoor hand-to-mouth activities. An improved sequential extraction procedure was employed in an attempt to reveal the relationship between bioaccessibility and fractionation of As in five soils from China. Arsenic bioaccessibility in acidic ( approximately pH 4.5) soils reached approximately stable levels after a sharp decline within one week of ageing. In contrast, As bioaccessibility in higher pH (>6.0) soils was found to be significantly higher and took two weeks of ageing to reach stable levels. The artificially added As was more labile than indigenous As. The main proportions of added As were found in the specifically sorbed and amorphous and poorly-crystalline hydrous Fe/Al oxide-bound fractions. Correlation analysis shows that the non-specifically and specifically sorbed As are likely to constitute the main proportion of bioaccessible soil As. The soil content of amorphous and crystalline Fe/Al oxides and soil pH appear to be the key factors controlling, not only the time needed to reach a steady state, but also the magnitude of the bioaccessibility of As added to the soils.     

Relevance of PCDD/PCDF formation for the evaluation of POPs destruction technologies--review on current status and assessment gaps

One important criterion for assessment of a POPs destruction technology is the potential formation of new POPs and other toxic by-products, in particular whether the highly toxic PCDDs/PCDFs are formed and under which operation conditions their formation is relevant. For incineration processes the formation mechanisms of PCDDs/PCDFs have been investigated thoroughly and strategies and technologies were developed to minimize their formation and emission. A detailed assessment of non-combustion technologies with respect to PCDD/PCDF formation is, however, lacking to date. A comparison of reaction conditions for PCDD/PCDF formation from precursor formation studies and actual applied conditions of a broad range of POPs destruction technologies in the present paper indicates that the operation conditions for a number of destruction technologies have the potential to generate high concentrations of PCDDs/PCDFs if dioxin precursors are present and that also PCDD/PCDF de novo formation can take place. Therefore a strategy and regulations for a more profound assessment and monitoring of the fate of PCDD/PCDF formation and emission is essential for the evaluation of POP destruction technologies and for a sound risk management of POPs. The present paper aims to provide a critical impulse in this respect, discusses the relevant formation pathways with respect to POPs destruction technologies and proposes a basic framework on how evaluations may be performed.     

Differences in the growth response of three bryophyte species to nitrogen

The effect of nitrogen on biomass production, shoot elongation and relative density of the mosses Pleurozium schreberi, Hylocomium splendens and Dicranum polysetum was studied in a chamber experiment. Monocultures were exposed to 10 N levels ranging from 0.02 to 7.35 g N m⁻² during a 90-day period. All the growth responses were unimodal, but the species showed differences in the shape parameters of the curves. Hylocomium and Pleurozium achieved optimum biomass production at a lower N level than Dicranum. Pleurozium had the highest biomass production per tissue N concentration. Tolerance to N was the widest in Dicranum, whereas Hylocomium had the narrowest tolerance. Dicranum retained N less efficiently from precipitation than the other two species, which explained its deviating response. All species translocated some N from parent to new shoots. The results emphasize that the individual responses of bryophytes to N should be known when species are used as bioindicators.