2015年10月南京霾污染过程分析

为探讨南京秋季霾污染过程发生的主要影响因素,利用南京信息工程大学太阳光度计观测霾污染发生天气下AOD（aerosol optical depth,气溶胶光学厚度）数据,计算AE_440-1020（?ngstr?m Exponent,波长指数）以及a₂（光谱曲率）,结合CALIPSO（Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations）卫星气溶胶组分分析以及MODIS（Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer）火点数据,对2015年10月南京霾污染过程进行分析.结果表明:2015年10月出现的两次霾污染过程期间南京地区AE_440-1020均高于1.0并且a₂呈负值,其中10月16日AQI达到峰值（201）,AOD₅₀₀达1.51,AE_440-1020达1.37,a₂达-0.77;这两次较为严重的霾污染过程均主要由人为因素（工业污染、城市建设、生物质燃烧、汽车尾气排放等）产生的细粒子所致.后向轨迹分析发现,2015年10月16日南京地区霾污染天气发生的主要原因是区域型污染,同时受长距离输送影响,大量携带人为因素产生的细粒子以及少量沙尘等污染物的空气团途经内蒙古、山东等地到达南京,加剧了当日的污染程度;2015年10月23日南京地区霾污染天气的发生则主要受长距离输送影响,同时也受到区域型污染影响,加剧了当日的污染程度.研究显示,在稳定的气象条件下,较高的相对湿度、较低的地表风速、低混合层高度以及贴地逆温的出现是诱发霾污染天气产生的有利气象条件.      

Synergistic effect of Eugenia jambolana Linn. and Solidago canadensis Linn. leaf extracts with deltamethrin against the dengue vector Aedes aegypti Linn. at Mysore

With the goal in mind to minimize the application of environmentally hazardous chemical insecticides, the larvicidal activity of two plant extracts along with deltamethrin was studied at University of Mysore. The extracts of Solidago canadensis and Eugenia jambolana were employed for working out the synergistic efficacy against Aedes aegypti larvae, as the extracts of both the plants exhibited high efficacy when applied individually. The deltamethrin when analyzed separately, LC₅₀ and LC₉₀ values were 0.00045 and 0.00148 ppm, respectively. Synergistic studies with two plant extracts on deltamethrin revealed S. canadensis as more effective with synergistic factor(SF) of 4.090 for LC₅₀ value and 4.781 for LC₉₀ followed by E. jambolana with SF 1.80 for LC₅₀ and 2.467 for LC₉₀ at 1:1 ratio of the phytoextracts and deltamethrin. Thus, S. canadensis was found to be a better larvicidal and synergistic agent. Combination of phytochemical and insecticide were found to be more effective than insecticides or phytochemicals alone which could be a good ecofriendly and cost-effective approach to reduce the dose of chemicals with high residual effect to be applied in vector control programs.     

南京市两次秋季污染过程及成因分析

为探究南京秋季污染过程的特征和影响因素,利用MODIS(Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer)传感器获得的气溶胶光学厚度(Aerosol Optical Depth)、波长指数(Angstrom Exponent)、火点数据及CALIPSO(Cloud-Aerosol Lidar And Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations)卫星数据和来自NECP、MICAPS的温度、相对湿度、风向风速等常规气象要素数据,对南京2015年10月、2016年9月两次污染过程进行分析.研究结果表明:两次污染过程的AE412-470值(埃斯特朗波长指数α)均高于1,由此判断两次污染均以人为排放产生的细粒子为主.但2015年10月的AE412-470值明显低于2016年9月,说明在2015年10月污染过程中粗粒子所占比重高于2016年9月.结合对后向轨迹的分析发现,南京地区2015年10月污染天气的发生还受长距离输送的影响,污染源主要为来自内蒙古、山西等地的污染型沙尘粒子.研究还发现,较高的相对湿度、较低的地表风速、低混合层高度及贴地逆温等气象条件会导致污染物难以扩散稀释而累积在南京地区,造成该区域在秋季出现较严重的污染天气.     

Signaling hunger through aggression—the regulation of foraging in a primitively eusocial wasp

Primitively eusocial wasps are generally headed by behaviorally dominant queens who use their aggression to suppress worker reproduction. In contrast, queens in the primitively eusocial wasp Ropalidia marginata are strikingly docile and non-aggressive. However, workers exhibit dominance-subordinate interactions among themselves. These interactions do not appear to reflect reproductive competition because there is no correlation between the relative position of an individual in the dominance hierarchy of the colony and the likelihood that she will succeed a lost/removed queen. Based on the observation that foraging continues unaltered in the absence of the queen and the correlation between dominance behavior and foraging, we have previously suggested that dominance-subordinate interactions among workers in R. marginata have been co-opted to serve the function of decentralized, self-organized regulation of foraging. This idea has been supported by an earlier experimental study where it was found that a reduced demand for food led to a significant decrease in dominance behavior. In this study, we perform the converse experiment, demonstrate that dominance behavior increases under conditions of starvation, and thus provide further evidence in support of the hypothesis that intranidal workers signal hunger through aggression.     

Can Dufour��s gland compounds honestly signal fertility in the primitively eusocial wasp Ropalidia marginata?

Unlike queens of typical primitively eusocial species, Ropalidia marginata queens are docile and non-interactive, and hence cannot be using dominance to maintain their status. It appears that the queen maintains reproductive monopoly through a pheromone, of which the Dufour's gland is at least one source. Here, we reconfirm earlier results showing that queens and workers can be correctly classified on a discriminant function using the compositions of their respective Dufour's glands, and also demonstrate consistent queen-worker differences based on categories of compounds and on single compounds also in some cases. Since the queen pheromone is expected to be an honest signal of the fecundity of a queen, we investigate the correlation of Dufour's gland compounds with ovarian activation of queens. Our study shows that Dufour's gland compounds in R. marginata correlate with the state of ovarian activation of queens, suggesting that such compounds may portray the fecundity of a queen, and may indeed function as honest signals of fertility.     

Characteristics of columnar aerosol optical and microphysical properties retrieved from the sun photometer and its impact on radiative forcing over Skukuza (South Africa) during 1999–2010

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - The detailed analysis of columnar optical and microphysical properties of aerosols obtained from the AErosol RObotic NETwork (AERONET) Cimel sun...     

Larvicidal,ovicidal, and oviposition-deterrent activities of four plant extracts against three mosquito species

In mosquito control programs, insecticides of botanical origin have the potential to eliminate eggs, larvae, and adults. So, the larvicidal, ovicidal, and oviposition-deterrent activities of petroleum ether and ethyl acetate extracts of the leaves of Eugenia jambolana, Solidago canadensis, Euodia ridleyi, and Spilanthes mauritiana were assayed against the three vector mosquito species, namely Anopheles stephensi, Aedes aegypti, and Culex quinquefasciatus. The larval bioassay was conducted following the World Health Organization method. The maximum larval mortality was found with ethyl acetate extract of S. mauritiana against the larvae of A. stephensi, A. aegypti, and C. quinquefasciatus with LC₅₀ values of 11.51, 28.1, 14.10 ppm, respectively. The mean percent hatchability of the ovicidal activity was observed at 48-h post-treatment. The percent hatchability was found to be inversely proportional to the concentration of the extract and directly proportional to the number of eggs. The flower head extract of S. mauritiana gave 100 % mortality followed by E. ridleyi, S. canadensis, and E. jambolana against the eggs of the three mosquito vectors. For oviposition-deterrent effect, out of the five concentrations tested (20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 ppm), the concentration of 100 ppm showed a significant egg laying-deterrent capacity. The oviposition activity index value of E. jambolana, E. ridleyi, S. canadensis, and S. mauritiana against A. aegypti, A. stephensi, C. quinquefasciatus at 100 ppm were ?0.71, ?0.71, ?0.90, ?0.93, ?0.85, ?0.91, ?1, ?1, ?0.71, ?0.85, ?1, and ?1, respectively. These results suggest that the leaf/flower extracts of certain local plants have the potential to be developed as possible eco-friendly means for the control of mosquitoes.     

Modelling optimal exploitation of petroleum resources in India

In this paper, the exploitation of petroleum resources in India is analyzed by developing a dynamic optimization modeling framework—PETEX. This model combines the practical aspects in determining optimal rates of extraction of oil and gas from a reservoir with a hybrid approach to estimating the discovery rate of petroleum resources in the future, additionally incorporating a stochastic specification to capture the uncertainty associated with discovery. The model acts as an aid to joint production–investment decision making for the entire supply process from drilling through production and in determining the import requirement to meet the country’s oil demand. The model results and sensitivity analysis suggest an acute requirement of sustained infusion of investment into the various upstream activities at a rate much higher than the current levels in order to bridge the demand—supply gap for crude oil. With the opening up of the Indian economy, it is hoped that the participation of the private sector in upstream activities would increase thereby increasing the investments available for upstream activity.     

Dominance relationship in the establishment of reproductive division of labour in a primitively eusocial wasp (Ropalidia marginata)

In mature post-emergence colonies of the tropical primitively eusocial polistine wasp Ropalidia marginata, the queen is not a behaviourally dominant individual. Nevertheless, she completely suppresses reproduction by the workers and becomes the sole egg-layer in the colony. Mechanisms by which a female is able to establish her exclusive reproductive status in the colony can be investigated by examining dominance-submission relationships and hierarchy formation at particular stages of the colony cycle when reproductive competition is behaviourally manifest. Observations on the behaviour of R. marginata females (1) during early stages of colony-founding, (2) when potential queens challenge the existing queen, and (3) immediately after queen replacement show that these wasps use highly aggressive dominance interactions to establish their reproductive status. Both the frequency and the intensity of dominance behaviours are significantly higher at these stages than those observed at phases of the colony when there is no apparent reproductive strife. Once her position as the only egg-layer of the colony has been established, the levels of dominance interactions initiated by the queen decrease and the nature of these interactions also becomes comparatively milder. Thus, the mechanisms by which a queen establishes her social status in her colony and those by which she continues to suppress reproduction of her nestmates in the absence of overt physical dominance may be quite different. Received: 17 November 1995/Accepted after revision: 20 April 1996     

长江三角洲地区大气污染过程分析

针对2015年和2016年12月2个月的4次污染过程,利用中分辨率成像光谱仪（MODIS）Terra卫星的气溶胶光学厚度（AOD）,Angstrom波长指数（AE）气溶胶数据,并结合PM_2.5和PM₁₀的浓度以及比值变化分析,发现以PM_2.5为代表的人为因素产生的细颗粒物是造成研究地区污染发生的重要因素.并且利用MODIS火点数据以及美国海军气溶胶分析与预测系统（NAAPS）模拟分析污染物成分,发现2015年12月12~16日和19~27日2次污染都以人为因素产生的细粒子污染物为主,沙尘以及生物质燃烧产生的烟粒对研究地区影响较小.2016年12月6~10日和15~18日2次污染过程产生的原因不同,利用潜在源贡献因子分析法（PSCF）分析发现6~10日污染天气的产生主要是由西北方向含有大量沙尘粒子气流以及南方生物质燃烧产生的大量烟粒共同输送到研究地区,加之研究地区大量人为污染细粒子的产生,导致了此次混合型污染天气发生.15~18日污染过程与2015年2次污染过程相似,主要原因都在于人为因素产生的细颗粒污染物的影响,沙尘以及烟粒对污染过程起到了加剧的作用.