重金属离子快速检测技术研究与应用进展

在突发环境污染事件和区域生态风险筛查中迫切需要环境样品中重金属离子的快速检测技术手段。环境样品中重金属离子的快速检测技术有电化学方法和生物学方法。电化学检测方法主要是阳极溶出伏安法(AnodicStripping Voltammetry,ASV),可以同时检测多种重金属离子,有标准化认证的产品,但是检测成本相对较高。随着纳米粒子技术(Nanoparticles,NPs)和石英微天平分析技术(Quartz Crystal Microbalance,QCM)的引入,ASV法的检测成本将不断降低;生物检测方法包括免疫检测(Immunoassay,IA)和功能DNA(Functional DNA)检测技术。重金属离子的免疫检测技术样品通量大,检测成本低,已经广泛用于食品行业,其中汞离子的免疫检测方法已经成为环境样品标准检测方法之一。免疫检测传感器技术将拓展重金属离子的快速检测的应用空间。功能DNA传感器检测的研究为重金属离子的快速检测提供了新的技术手段,但是这些仅限于实验室研究,还没有达到实际应用的水平。     

化学品测试合格实验室体系建设与发展

根据《新化学物质环境管理办法》要求,为新化学物质申报目的提供测试数据的境内测试机构,应当为环境保护部公告的化学物质测试机构,并接受环境保护部的监督和检查。拟通过借鉴国际合格实验室规范(GLP)基本原则和国内其他GLP认证工作经验做法,结合环境保护部已开展的检查考核工作和化学品测试实验室实际情况,探讨化学品测试合格实验室的管理现状和存在的问题,旨在为推动我国化学品测试合格实验室体系建设提供新的管理思路。     

化学品风险评估制度建设进展和建议

化学品风险评估是化学品管理的核心科学依据和主要技术手段,构建化学品风险评估制度对我国加强化学品管理具有重要意义。总结了国际上化学品风险评估制度体系在法规制度建设、指南、模型和数据库开发、风险评估实践等方面的进展和经验,分析了我国化学品风险评估在制度建设、指南标准、科学研究和信息收集方面取得的进展和存在的问题,提出了从立法制度建设、技术体系构建、基础能力建设和调查监测完善等方面建设我国化学品风险评估制度的建议。     

基于环境逸度模型的化学物质暴露与风险评估研究进展

工业化学品通过各种迁移转化过程后在环境区间中广泛分布,同时新化学品正被大量的生产并进入环境,使得对于化学品管控的需求和压力不断增加。基于这一背景,多国政府颁布了相应的政策法规对化学品进行管控。除了用相应的政策法规进行预先管控之外,使用基于逸度概念的多介质环境模型来表征化学品的行为与归趋是一个相对简单而有效的方法,不仅适用于环境中存在的现有化学品的暴露评估,也成为各国化学品管理中对新化学品的环境暴露进行预测的有力工具。本文综述逸度概念与方法、相关环境模型、建模过程、应用验证等方面的国内外研究进展,希望能够对我国化学品环境暴露评估与风险评估的模型构建、优化与方法应用提供信息和借鉴。     

Assessing the utility of dissolved organic matter photoreactivity as a predictor of in situ methylmercury concentration

Methylmercury(MeHg) bioaccumulation is a growing concern in ecosystems worldwide. The absorption of solar radiation by dissolved organic matter(DOM) and other photoreactive ligands can convert MeHg into less toxic forms of mercury through photodemethylation. In this study, spectral changes and photoreactivity of DOM were measured to assess the potential to control photoreactions and predict in situ MeHg concentration. Water samples collected from a series of lakes in southwestern Nova Scotia in June, August, and September were exposed to controlled ultraviolet-A(UV-A) radiation for up to 24 hr. Dissolved organic matter photoreactivity, measured as the loss of absorbance at 350 nm at constant UV-A irradiation, was positively dependent on the initial DOM concentration in lake waters(r~2=0.94). This relationship was consistent over time with both DOM concentration and photoreactivity increasing from summer into fall across lakes. Lake in situ MeHg concentration was positively correlated with DOM concentration and likely catchment transport in June(r = 0.77) but not the other sampling months. Despite a consistent seasonal variation in both DOM and Fe, and their respective correlations with MeHg, no discernable seasonal trend in MeHg was observed. However, a 3-year dataset from the 6 study lakes revealed a positive correlation between DOM concentration and both Fe(r = 0.91) and MeHg concentrations(r = 0.51) suggesting a more dominant landscape mobility control on MeHg.The DOM-MeHg relationships observed in these lakes highlights the need to examine DOM photoreactivity controls on MeHg transport and availability in natural waters particularly given future climate perturbations.     

A robust-design formulation of the incidence function model of metapopulation dynamics applied to two species of rails

The incidence function model (IFM) uses area and connectivity to predict metapopulation dynamics. However, false absences and missing data can lead to underestimates of the number of sites contributing to connectivity, resulting in overestimates of dispersal ability and turnovers (extinctions plus colonizations). We extend estimation methods for the IFM by using a hierarchical Bayesian model to account both for false absences due to imperfect detection and for missing data due to sites not surveyed in some years. We compare parameter estimates, measures of metapopulation dynamics, and forecasts using stochastic patch occupancy models (SPOMs) among three IFM models: (1) a Bayesian formulation assuming no false absences and omitting site-year combinations with missing data; (2) a hierarchical Bayesian formulation assuming no false absences but incorporating missing data; and (3) a hierarchical Bayesian formulation allowing for imperfect detection and incorporating missing data. We fit the models to multiyear data sets of occupancy for two bird species that differ in body size and presumed dispersal ability but inhabit the same network of sites: the small Black Rail (Laterallus jamaicensis) and the medium-sized Virginia Rail (Rallus limicola). Incorporating missing data affected colonization parameters and led to lower estimates of dispersal ability for the Black Rail. Detection rates were high for the Black Rail in most years but moderate for the Virginia Rail. Incorporating imperfect detection resulted in higher occupancy and lower turnover rates for both species, with largest effects for the Virginia Rail. Forecasts using SPOMs were sensitive to both missing data and false absences; persistence in models assuming no false absences was more optimistic than from robust models. Our results suggest that incorporating false absences and missing data into the IFM can improve (1) estimates of dispersal ability and the effect of connectivity on colonization, (2) the scaling of extinction risk with patch area, and (3) forecasts of occupancy and turnover rates.     

化工园区重点液态环境风险源监控布点研究

对环境风险源进行科学监控是从源头规避重大环境污染事故发生的有效途径,迄今为止我国在环境风险源监控布点方面尚未形成系统的技术方法。以化工园区重点液态环境风险源为对象,借鉴流域水质目标管理的理念,按照分区、分类、分级监控的原则,初步建立了化工园区重点液态环境风险源的监控布点方法,在阐述不同级别重点液态环境风险源监控布点区域一般要求的同时,提出了不同区域重点液态环境风险源监控布点的方法和依据,并以某化工园区为例进行了监控布点示范。     

我国持久性、生物累积性和毒性(PBT)化学物质评价研究

在综合分析美国、加拿大、英国、欧盟等国家和国际组织对PBT化学物质鉴别以及风险管理进展的基础上,重点探讨了我国应如何开展有关PBT化学物质的评价与控制的技术方法和管理对策。给出了我国PBT化学物质风险管理战略目标建议和我国PBT化学物质环境管理鉴别标准建议,并重点讨论了我国PBT新化学物质风险评价方法。