加强松花江上游石油开发的预警研究

松花江上的石油开发对松花江和哈尔滨市饮用水源地的潜在污染危害已引起政府部门的重视.松花江上石油开发中一旦出现事故其污染所造成突发事故将是十分严重的.应加强松花江上石油开发的预警研究.并对松花江上的石油开发现状、存在的问题和隐患进行深入调查研究.对江上已开发和在建油田制定出相应对策,确保松花江水质安全和哈尔滨市饮用水源地的水质安全.     

Fenton/微波深度处理增塑剂废水

探讨微波功率、活性炭投加量、pH及反应时间等因素对微波处理效果的影响;考察废水pH、Fe2+和H2O2比例、Fe2+离子浓度及处理时间等因素对Fenton处理效果的影响。分别选择最优条件进行Fenton/微波联合处理邻苯二甲酸酯废水实验,COD去除率达98.7%,出水满足国家综合排放标准中一级标准。     

等离子工艺与H_2O_2联合处理酸性橙Ⅱ溶液的研究

对气液两相滑动弧等离子与H2O2联合处理酸性橙Ⅱ溶液进行了研究。结果表明:两者具有明显的协同效应,可减少等离子放电时间,提高了降解效率。质量浓度为300 mg/L的酸性橙Ⅱ溶液,加入体积分数为0.48～0.96 mL/L的H2 O2(30%),循环降解2次的脱色率在92%以上。当加入过氧化氢的体积分数是1.92 mL/L时,循环降解1次脱色率为93.32%。而且降解后的溶液随着放置时间的延长,脱色率进一步降低;且放置8 h时,降解率下降最明显。     

气液两相滑动弧等离子体降解染料废水的研究

研究了气液两相滑动弧等离子技术对不同种类的可溶性染料废水的处理效果,考察了染料分子中的磺酸基数目、N=N双键数目、染料分子的不同主体结构等对染料降解效果的影响。结果表明,染料分子中的磺酸基数目越多,则染料的降解率越高;不论染料分子主体结构如何,氧化性物质可能均首先攻击分子中的发色基团,导致染料脱色;主体结构不同的染料混合时,可对COD的降解起到一定促进作用;染料分子中氯的取代位置不同,则脱氯率也不同,氯连接在直链或苯环上时较容易降解,而连接在均三嗪结构上时较难降解;从能量效率上考虑,气液两相滑动弧等离子体技术更适合降解高浓度的染料废水。     

Removal of fluorine from contaminated soil by electrokinetic treatment driven by solar energy

Instead of direct current power supply, a series of electrokinetic remediation experiments driven by solar energy on fluorine-contaminated soil were conducted in a self-made electrolyzer, in order to reduce energy expenditure of electrokinetic remediation. After the 12-day electrokinetic remediation driven by solar energy, the removal efficiency of fluorine was 22.3 %, and electrokinetic treatment had an impact on changes in partitioning of fluorine in soil. It proved that the combination of electrokinetics and solar energy was feasible and effective to some extent for the remediation of fluorine-contaminated soil. Meanwhile, the experimental results also indicated that the electromigration was a more dominant transport mechanism for the removal of fluorine from contaminated soil than electroosmosis, and the weather condition was the important factor in affecting the removal efficiency.     

Deplasticization and dechlorination of flexible polyvinyl chloride in NaOH solution by microwave heating

This study investigated the deplasticization and dechlorination of flexible polyvinyl chloride (PVC) containing 59.2% PVC, 29.7% dioctyl phthalate (DOP), and approximately 12% stabilizers. Flexible PVC was treated with NaOH solutions at concentrations in the range 2–16 mol/l and heated by microwaves to temperatures between 100° and 250°C for 0–120 min. DOP was extracted from flexible PVC into the NaOH solution as a phthalic acid salt; the remaining PVC was subsequently dechlorinated by increasing the temperature. On internal heating using microwaves, the plasticizer was 100% extracted during processing at 150°C for 30 min, whereas the chlorides were 100% removed during processing at 235°C for 30 min; the residue was converted into hydrocarbon compounds. The maximum weight loss ratio was 71% compared to the pretreatment state. It was also found that 100% deplasticization and dechlorination was possible using 8 mol/l NaOH solution, which is almost half the concentration employed when using conventional external heating systems.     

羧甲基纤维素抑尘剂的制备及其应用研究

以羧甲基纤维素、丙烯酸丁酯、甲基丙烯酸甲酯为原料,用溶液聚合法制备出一种环保软膜抑尘剂.探讨了添加甘油、辛癸基葡糖苷对抑尘剂吸水性能、润湿性能的变化以及m(甘油):m(辛癸基葡糖苷)以不同配比加入抑尘剂后对粉尘含水率的影响.经傅里叶红外光谱、X-射线衍射仪、扫描电子显微镜、透射电子显微镜对制备的产物进行结构表征和形貌的分析.对抑尘剂的性能:耐风蚀性、温度适应性进行了测试.结果表明:当m(甘油):m(辛癸基葡糖苷)为2:3,室温时粉尘含水率达15.8%、50℃粉尘含水率仍可达11.7%;经3 h(15 m/s)风速吹扫,粉尘损失率仅为2.3%.     

津北大气干湿沉降重金属元素通量与评价研究

大气干湿沉降是有害物质进入土壤的一种重要途径,是影响农田生态系统安全的重要因素.天津市北部的蓟州区大气干湿沉降重金属元素具有以下特征:(1)大气干湿沉降重金属元素年沉降通量从大到小依次为Zn>Pb>Cr>Cu>Ni>As>Cd>Hg,Zn、Pb是大气干湿沉降重金属元素中最主要的元素,山区年沉降通量小于平原区,表明山区空气环境质量相对于平原区好,与天津城区、北京平原区、全国相比,津北蓟州区大气干湿沉降重金属各元素年沉降通量均相对较低;(2)大气干湿沉降物输入浓度中,Cd、Pb、Zn、Hg显著高于蓟州区土壤含量平均值,尤其是Cd,表明大气干湿沉降可能是土壤中Cd的重要来源;(3)根据大气干湿沉降物环境地球化学评价结果,大气干湿沉降物环境地球化学单指标和综合指标评价结果均为一等,表明该地区大气环境质量很好.     

Modelling of the relationship moisture content to nutrient transformation rate in river sediments

The modelling of the transformation processes in the river sediments is an important and still not investigated problem that is a key for water quality. The relation between nutrients transformation rate and moisture in sediments was investigated by means of analogous modelling. The mathematical dependences of the connection were derived, and only two of them were linear—at the early stage of COD (organic) change and at the late stage of transformation of phosphates that metabolically connected the biodegradation of organics with oxidative phosphorylation. The rest mathematical dependences were the polynomials of third order. This study confirmed that the leading factors which influence the transformation rate of nutrients are the sediment surface, particular organic matter and porosity of the medium, as well as the concentration on the sediment surface of micro-organisms, enzymes, co-metabolites, etc. The presented data from ecological modelling of the transformation processes in the parafluvial sediments showed how can the hydrological models be enlarged and enriched in their application to the key and critical (risk) fluctuations in the river functioning. The mathematical dependences and coefficients were extracted in our complex study to be included in HSPF model as an enlarged module. As far as the investigated transformation processes in the parafluvial have more universal significance, the results can be applied in the other models, bounded river water and sediment quality.