Residues of persistent organic pollutants in frequently-consumed vegetables and assessment of human health risk based on consumption of vegetables in Huizhou,South China

Concentrations of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), 16 phthalate esters (PAEs), eight organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and seven polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in 17 frequently-consumed varieties of vegetables collected from 48 sites in Huizhou were measured. Concentrations of PAHs and PAEs of leafy vegetables were higher than those of gourd and fruit vegetables but it was the opposite for OCPs and PCBs. A questionnaire of 450 local residents on vegetable consumption showed that the total vegetable ingested rates of females and males were 278.80 g person⁻¹ d⁻¹ and 282.92 g person⁻¹ d⁻¹, respectively. The weight-specific daily intakes of pollutants by females were higher than those by males because of differences in body weight. Twenty-seven pollutants were used to assess the potential risk to human health by calculating target hazard quotient (THQ) values. Results showed that the risk to females was higher than for males. OCPs were the major contributors to the risk for both females and males. The main risks were from consumption of eggplant, Chinese lettuce and luffa and were significantly related to the contents of di-nonyl phthalate, β-hexachlorocyclohexane, γ-hexachlorocyclohexane, p,p-dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and p,p-dichlorodiphenyl dichloroethane in vegetables. Although the THQ values induced by individual pollutants were relatively low, the total THQ values induced by 27 pollutants were above 1 in some administrative regions of Huizhou, which might give cause for concern.     

土壤多环芳烃污染根际修复研究进展

多环芳烃(polycyclicaromatichydrocarbons,PAHs)是环境中普遍存在的具有代表性的一类重要持久性有机污染物,具“三致性”、难降解性,在土壤环境中不断积累,严重危害着土壤的生产和生态功能、农产品质量和人类健康。修复土壤多环芳烃污染已成为研究的焦点。根际修复是利用植物-微生物和根际环境降解有机污染物的复合生物修复技术,是目前最具潜力的土壤生物修复技术之一。对国内外学者近年来在土壤多环芳烃污染根际修复的效果、根际修复机理和根际修复的影响因素方面的研究进展作了较系统的综述,并分别分析了单作体系、混作体系、多进程根际修复系统和接种植物生长促进菌根际修复系统对土壤多环芳烃的修复效果。指出根际环境对PAHs的修复主要有3种机制:根系直接吸收和代谢PAHs;植物根系释放酶和分泌物去除PAHs,增加根际微生物数量,提高其活性,强化微生物群体降解PAHs。并讨论了影响根际修复PAHs的环境因素如植物、土壤类型、PAHs理化性质、菌根真菌以及表面活性剂等。植物-表面活性剂结合的根际修复技术、PAHs胁迫下根际的动态调节过程、运用分子生物学技术并结合植物根分泌物的特异性筛选高效修复植物以及植物富集的PAHs代谢产物进行跟踪与风险评价将成为未来研究的主流。     

玉米幼苗根系形态对芘污染的响应

采用盆栽试验探讨了玉米（Zea mays L.）根系形态学参数（根质量长度、根质量面积、根质量体积、根平均直径及不同根直径等级分布）对不同浓度芘污染胁迫的响应。较低浓度芘可适当地刺激玉米的生长,高浓度芘处理抑制了玉米的生长,并且抑制作用随芘处理浓度的提高而增强;芘对玉米根系的影响要大于对茎叶的影响。不同浓度芘处理下玉米根系形态学参数发生了显著的变化,与对照相比,芘处理下根直径显著降低,根质量长度、根质量面积和根质量体积显著增大,且随芘处理浓度的提高其效应更显著。     

镉在五节芒(Miscanthus floridulus)不同种群细胞中的分布及化学形态

通过营养液培养,以种子分别来自粤北大宝山矿区和惠州博罗非矿区的2个五节芒种群为试验材料,并采用差速离心技术和化学试剂逐步提取法,比较研究了Cd在2个种群根、茎和叶片中的亚细胞分布及化学形态.结果表明,五节芒2种群各部位的Cd主要富集在细胞壁和以液泡为主的可溶组分,在叶绿体、细胞核和线粒体中的分布较少;2种群根、茎、叶的亚细胞各组分Cd含量由高到低的次序均为:细胞壁组分(F1),可溶组分(F4),细胞核和叶绿体组分(F2),线粒体组分(F3).Cd在五节芒矿区种群根、茎、叶中的含量均显著高于非矿区种群.提高Cd处理质量浓度,对于非矿区种群,Cd在细胞壁(F1)和可溶组分(F4)的分配比例下降,在细胞核和叶绿体组分(F2)与线粒体组分(F3)的分配比例卜升;而对于矿区种群,Cd在细胞壁(F1)的分配比例上升,在可溶组分(F4)、细胞核和叶绿体组分(F2)与线粒体组分(F3)的分配比例下降,细胞壁对Cd的同持作用增强.五节芒2种群根中Cd的化学形态存在着明显差异:低Cd(5 mg·1-1)处理下,矿区种群根中的Cd以水提取态、氯化钠提取态和醋酸提取态为主,各占36.41%、28.15%和17.04%,其它形态所占比例较少;而非矿区种群根中的Cd以氯化钠提取态、水提取态和醋酸提取态所占比例较大,各占31.58%、23.15%和20.85%.提高Cd处理质量浓度,矿区种群根中的氯化钠提取态为优势形态,所占比例提高到41.29%,水提取态所占比例也提高到38.25%.其他提取态所占比例均有不同幅度下降;而非矿区种群根中氯化钠提取态Cd含量比例下降到21.45%,各化学形态的在分配比例上表现为平均化趋势.因此,细胞壁同持、可溶组分的液泡区隔化和向活性较弱的结合形态转移可能是五节芒矿区种群耐Cd的主要机制.     

广州市1990-2005年植被覆盖度的时空变化特征

植被是生态系统的最重要组成部分,以植被覆盖度为指标研究区域植被的时空动态特征,是生态系统健康评价的前提和必要基础。以1990、1995、2000和2005年4个时相的TM遥感影像为数据源,对其进行大气辐射校正以及进行空间图像运算,生成广州市不同时序的植被覆盖度图,以此分析广州市植被覆盖度的时空变化特征。结果表明,广州市过去15a植被覆盖度变化很大,从58.75%下降到46.06%,特别是中心城区和番禺区内的植被覆盖度变化更显著。植被覆盖度下降最多的时间段是1990—1995年,恢复阶段是2000—2005年间。但是,从空间分布上看,植被恢复的区域主要是从化市,市区仍然处于继续下降状态,值得各方面关注,因为市区是人口密度和经济高度集中的区域,也是生态元素最缺乏的区域。     

TCLP法评价酸性矿山废水污染稻田土壤重金属的生态风险

采用美国最新的法定重金属污染评价方法TCLP(Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure,TCLP)法对粤北大宝山矿山下游受酸性矿山废水长期污染的稻田土壤的重金属(Cd、Zn、Pb、Cu)污染状况进行评价,以国际规定的TCLP法标准评价重金属生态环境风险.结果表明,TCLP试剂提取的土壤重金属Cd、Cu、Pb和Zn含量分别在0.02～0.58、1.42～38.07、0.16-31.01和1.84～75.29 mg·kg-1之间.酸性矿山废水污染稻田土壤不同程度地受到Cd、Cu、Pb、Zn的污染,其中以Pb、Zn污染最为严重,其次为Cu污染,Cd污染程度最轻.     

气-水两相砂介质中饱和度-毛细压力关系与水位波动之间的响应

利用时域反射仪（TDR）与微型张力计（T5）联用装置,测定气-水两相砂介质中因水位波动产生的连续干燥与湿润循环过程中饱和度-毛细压力（S-p）关系曲线.同时,研究了多重水位波动对S-p关系曲线、孔隙流体运移的滞后性及空气剩余饱和度的作用.结果表明,TDR、T5和数据自动采集器联用装置可较准确测量出气-水两相条件下S-p关系的动态变化.同一介质中不同干燥过程的侵入压值比较接近,与干燥过程的初始水饱和度无关;而干燥或湿润过程的S-p关系曲线和滞后程度则与其初始水饱和度密切相关.在特定的干燥和湿润循环过程中,初始水饱和度大小对空气剩余饱和度的值影响不大,用于预测非湿润相流体剩余饱和度的Land的假设需要修正.本研究结果对进一步研究水位波动条件下地下有机污染物运移具有借鉴作用,可为修正NAPL Simulator 提供实验依据.     

Hydrogeochemical and mineralogical characteristics related to heavy metal attenuation in a stream polluted by acid mine drainage: A case study in Dabaoshan Mine, China

Dabaoshan Mine, the largest mine in south China, has been developed since the 1970s. Acid mine drainage (AMD) discharged from the mine has caused severe environmental pollution and human health problems. In this article, chemical characteristics, mineralogy of ocher precipitations and heavy metal attenuation in the AMD are discussed based on physicochemical analysis, mineral analysis, sequential extraction experiments and hydrogeochemistry. The AMD chemical characteristics were determined from the initial water composition, water-rock interactions and dissolved sulfide minerals in the mine tailings. The waters, affected and unaffected by AMD, were Ca-SO₄ and Ca-HCO₃ types, respectively. The affected water had a low pH, high SO₄^2- and high heavy metal content and oxidation as determined by the Fe²⁺/Fe³⁺ couple. Heavy metal and SO₄^2- contents of Hengshi River water decreased, while pH increased, downstream. Schwertmannite was the major mineral at the waste dump, while goethite and quartz were dominant at the tailings dam and streambed. Schwertmannite was transformed into goethite at the tailings dam and streambed. The sulfate ions of the secondary minerals changed from bidentate- to monodentate-complexes downstream. Fe-Mn oxide phases of Zn, Cd and Pb in sediments increased downstream. However, organic matter complexes of Cu in sediments increased further away from the tailings. Fe³⁺ mineral precipitates and transformations controlled the AMD water chemistry.     

芘对玉米根系分泌氨基酸的影响

植物根系释放分泌物是根际修复土壤多环芳烃污染的重要机制之一,但对于多环芳烃污染下根系分泌物的研究很少.以玉米Zea mays L.为供试材料,通过土培培养试验方式研究了在多环芳烃芘处理下,玉米根系分泌氨基酸的变化.结果表明,种植玉米2 1 d后,低质量分数芘(75 mg·kg-1)处理和高质量分数芘(600 mg·kg-1)处理种植玉米土壤芘的去除率分别为36.0%和28.2%.氨基酸分泌总量随着芘胁迫的加强显著增多,低质量分数芘处理和高质量分数芘处理下氨基酸分泌总量分别是无芘胁迫处理下的1.25倍和5.12倍.不同芘质量分数处理下玉米根系分泌的氨基酸的种类和数量的变化情况不相同.     

Removal of Zn2+ from aqueous solution by biomass of Agaricus bisporus

Biosorption of Zn²⁺ from aqueous solutions by biomass of Agaricus bisporus was investigated. The removal rates of Zn²⁺ by A. bisporus under different parameters (e.g., solution pH, bio-sorbent dosage and initial Zn²⁺ concentration) were studied. The inhibition of A. bisporus’s biosorption by anionic ligands EDTA (Ethylene Diamine Tetraacetic Acid), acetate and citrate) implied that EDTA and citrate might be used as eluting reagents. Regular and simultaneous solution pH change and light metal ions release after biosorption indicated that an ion exchange mechanism was involved. From FT-IR (Fourier Transform Infrared) spectroscopy, the main functional groups participated in biosorption were found. Biosorption of Zn²⁺ by A. bisporus could be well described by the Freundlich and Langmuir models. In conclusion, the biomass of A. bisporus showed high potential for the treatment of wastewater containing Zn²⁺.