活化赤泥吸附除磷及其机理的研究

以铝矿工业赤泥为原材料,采用酸活化、焙烧活化、热酸活化方法进行活化处理,得到除磷吸附剂,考察了pH值、反应时间和磷初始浓度等因素对除磷吸附剂吸附效果的影响.结果表明,活化赤泥具有较好的除磷能力,酸活化赤泥和焙烧活化赤泥对磷的饱和吸附量分别为155.2、144.2 mg·g-1.热酸活化赤泥除磷能力更强,其对磷的饱和吸附量可达202.9 mg·g～,经过热酸活化后的赤泥即使在pH值波动较大时也能很好处理高浓度含磷废水.溶液pH显著影响磷去除效果,在pH为7时得到最大去除量.     

Spatial simulation and LCA evaluation on the plastic waste recycling system in Tianjin

With the rapid economic development in China, the amount of plastic waste (PW) generated has greatly increased and much of the waste is currently not treated. To reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from recycling of PW, we estimated the PW flow and considered methods to improve the household PW recycling system in Tianjin by adjusting processes during transportation and establishing a PW recycling factory in Zi’ya Industrial Park. The goal of the study was to identify reasonable improvements for the recycling system and clarify the environmental load. Geographic information system (GIS) technology was used to simulate transport processes for comparing GHG emissions from the transport processes between the present case and an improved case. Life cycle assessment (LCA) was used to compare GHG emissions between a projected scenario and a baseline scenario. Estimated GHG emissions during transport processes in the improved case were reduced by about 12,197 t CO₂ eq per year compared to the present case, equivalent to about 65.9 % of the total emissions in the present case. GHG emissions in the projected scenario were about 101,738 t CO₂ eq less per year than the baseline scenario, equivalent to about 75.5 % of the total emissions in the baseline scenario.     

Multi-dimensional influence measurement of urbanization on the quality of natural living environment in China

Environment, Development and Sustainability - With the rapid development of industrialization and urbanization and the continuous improvement of social productivity, people are increasingly...     

共代谢膜生物反应器法处理二甲基亚砜废水

采用蔗糖作为共代谢基质与一体式好氧膜生物反应器（MBR）工艺相结合处理二甲基亚砜（DMSO）废水。考察了装置的污泥驯化效果、DMSO去除率、污泥的性能、HRT和冲击负荷对DMSO去除率的影响。试验结果表明：驯化第29天，DMSO去除率达98.5%，表明MBR内的污泥已驯化成功；在MBR运行的正式期，当DMSO处于高负荷状态时，DMSO去除率较低；随蔗糖加入量的增加，DMSO去除率逐渐提高，最终恢复到DMSO高负荷冲击前的DMSO去除效果；正常运行时，装置进水ρ（DMSO）=257~1 448 mg/L（平均值为718 mg/L）、出水ρ（DMSO）=6~22 mg/L（平均值为7 mg/L），DMSO去除率为96.4%~99.6%（平均值为98.9%）；在MBR运行的正式期，污泥体积指数小于100 mL/g，表明污泥的沉降性能较好，MLVSS/MLSS较高，表明污泥的活性高，MBR内MLSS的平均值为5.52 g/L，MLVSS的平均值为4.78 g/L；MBR适宜的HRT为12 h。     

Dynamics of the lakes in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River basin, China, since late nineteenth century

The middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River basin have the most representative and largest concentration of freshwater lakes in China. However, the size and number of these lakes have changed considerably over the past century due to the natural and anthropogenic impact. The lakes, larger than 10 km² in size, were chosen from relief maps and remotely sensed images in 1875, 1950, 1970, 1990, 2000, and 2008 to study the dynamics of lakes in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River basin and to examine the causes and consequences of these changes. Results indicated that there was a dramatic reduction in lake areas, which decreased by 7,841.2 km² (42.64 %) during the study period (1875–2008), and the number of lakes in this region changed moderately. Meanwhile, a large number of lakes in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River basin were directly converted into paddy fields, ponds, building lands, or other land-use types over the study period. Therefore, all kinds of lake reclamation should be identified as the major driving factors for the loss of lake in this region. Furthermore, flooding, soil erosion, and sedimentation were also the main factors which triggered lake changes in different periods. Some wetland conservation and restoration projects have been implemented since the 1970s, but they have not reversed the lake degradation. These findings were of great importance to managers involved in making policy for the conservation of lake ecosystems and the utilization of lake resources.     

生物法处理含油钻井废水的影响因素研究

以含油钻井废水原浆为处理对象,研究了生物法处理过程中的相关影响因素.实验结果表明,氮、磷源是影响钻井废水中石油烃降解的重要因素,最佳氮、磷源及其加入量分别为(NH4)2SO4100 mg/L和KH2PO460 mg/L.在30～36℃,接种量15%,pH=6～8条件下处理72 h后可使钻井废水中的石油烃含量由805.6 mg/L下降到17.6 mg/L.     

铁改性赤泥吸附剂的制备及其除砷性能研究

以氧化铝生产废渣--赤泥为原料,采用铁盐改性处理制备了新型羟基铁包覆型赤泥除砷吸附剂.研究考察了吸附剂吸附砷效能、投加量、吸附时间和pH值对吸附除砷效果的影响;采用扫描电镜(SEM)、红外光谱(IR)、比表面积(BET)等仪器对吸附剂进行了表征,并探讨了吸附机制.结果表明,铁盐改性赤泥吸附剂对As(V)具有显著吸附效能,在pH为7,初始砷浓度为1 mg·L-1,铁盐改性赤泥吸附剂饱和吸附容量为50.6mg·g-1时,除砷率高达99.9%,吸附后出水砷含量可达到0.01 mg·L-1以下,吸附规律符合Langmuir等温方程式;溶液pH值显著影响砷去除效果,吸附机制主要为羟基铁的表面吸附机制;吸附后的吸附剂可通过NaOH溶液再生,脱附率达到92.1%.     

“丝绸之路经济带”中国段土地利用系统安全性评价及阻力分析

在构建土地利用系统安全性评价指标体系的基础上,结合基于TOPSIS算法的DPSIR模型对2006—2015年"丝绸之路经济带"范围内中国九个地区进行土地利用系统安全性分析。同时借助障碍度诊断模型分析影响区域系统安全性提升的阻碍因子,并运用最小方差法(LSE)对区域土地利用系统进行系统阻力类型划分。结果表明:(1)研究区域土地利用系统安全指数全部位于0.20—0.60,即处于不安全状态和临界状态,距离安全状态仍有一定差距。(2)不同阻碍因子对不同地区影响作用有所不同,障碍因子由经济发展、社会投资、技术等基础方面转向土地资源和环境生态等方面,未来应针对不同地区的不同障碍因子制定具有差别化的缓解土地资源环境压力的政策。(3)研究期初和期末的区域土地利用系统阻力主要分为四系统阻力模式、五系统阻力模式,大部分研究地区由期初的D-S-I-R阻力型转变为期末的D-P-S-I阻力型,压力子系统阻力作用越来越突出。     

石油钻井废水处理研究进展

本文简述了处理石油钻井废水的研究现状,综述了常用的处理方法并对各种方法适用的范围以及优势和不足进行了分析。     

近53年山东省霾季节性特征的年代际变异

为了进一步认识山东省霾日长期变化特征,从而为政府决策和空气质量预报提供科学依据,基于山东省80 个气象站53 年（1961-2013）的观测资料分析,利用多项式及线性回归拟合、定义表示随季节和年际变化程度的变量如季节变化率、年际变化率等多种统计方法分析了近53 年来山东省霾日季节性的年际、年代际长期变化及空间分布规律,结果表明,山东上个世纪明显的冬季霾高发的典型季节性特征演变为本世纪模糊的季节差异,即霾多发时段随年际增长逐渐由冬季蔓延至秋季,夏季和春季.全省平均霾日的季节变率从60 年代的84.0%,70-80 年代的72.4%~73.6%,到90 年代跌至56.4%,而在本世纪的13 年低达42.3%,体现了山东霾日变化季节性的年代际特征,即近53 年季节差异在不断减小,霾趋于常年化发生的大气污染事件.霾日季节性的空间分布及年际变化特征还表明：近53 年山东霾日呈持续上升趋势,1990 年之前呈显著的增长趋势,1990 年之后上升缓慢,但维持霾高发的水平.霾日高发区域主要集中在济南地区,济宁-泰安-莱芜一带,枣庄-临沂一带,青岛地区和聊城西部地区,其中,高中心依次为济南的80.9 d·a^-1,临沂的78.2 d·a^-1 和青岛的69.0 d·a^-1.山东中东部的霾日年增长率整体高于西部地区,鲁中、鲁南及半岛南部地区是霾日年际增长高值区.山东省霾日年际变化趋势以夏季增长率最高,大部分地区的年际增长率都在4.5%·a^-1 以上,其次是秋季、春季霾日年际变化趋势,冬季霾日年际变化趋势普遍增长率最低,且大部分地区的变化率值为1.5%·a^-1 以上,近53 年来山东大部分地区出现了霾日模糊季节性变异.