推进养殖污染防治,实现产业优化与环境保护双赢——对《水污染防治行动计划》的解读

针对《水污染防治行动计划》提出的畜禽养殖污染治理思路和措施,梳理了我国现阶段畜禽养殖污染防治中存在的问题,对《水污染防治行动计划》中提出的"调布局、建设施、促利用"三大举措进行了分析和解读,提出了落实《水污染防治行动计划》的几项重点工作,为地方推进畜禽养殖污染防治工作提供参考。     

“十二五”畜禽养殖污染减排问题及防治对策

对中国"十二五"前3年畜禽养殖业污染减排实践中存在的问题和面临的困境进行了分析和梳理,针对问题依据各地养殖现状核算了各区域耕地粪污承载负荷。据此提出种养结合是区域适宜的粪污治理思路,为地方政府与环境主管部门推进畜禽养殖污染防治和粪污资源化利用提出了建议。     

Poplar plantation has the potential to alter the water balance in semiarid Inner Mongolia

Poplar plantation is the most dominant broadleaf forest type in northern China. Since the mid-1990s plantation was intensified to combat desertification along China's northwestern border, i.e., within Inner Mongolia (IM). This evoked much concern regarding the ecological and environmental effects on areas that naturally grow grass or shrub vegetation. To highlight potential consequences of large-scale poplar plantations on the water budget within semiarid IM, we compared the growing season water balance (evapotranspiration (ET) and precipitation (PPT)) of a 3-yr old poplar plantation (Kp₃) and a natural shrubland (Ks) in the Kubuqi Desert in western IM, and a 6-yr old poplar plantation (Bp₆) growing under sub-humid climate near Beijing. The results showed that, despite 33% lower PPT at Kp₃, ET was 2% higher at Kp₃ (228 mm) as compared with Ks (223 mm) in May–September 2006. The difference derived mainly from higher ET at the plantation during drier periods of the growing season, which also indicated that the poplars must have partly transpired groundwater. Estimated growing season ET at Bp₆ was about 550 mm and more than 100% higher than at Kp₃. It is estimated that increases in leaf area index and net radiation at Kp₃ provide future potential for the poplars in Kubuqi to exceed the present ET and ET of the natural shrubland by 100–200%. These increases in ET are only possible through the permanent use of groundwater either directly by the trees or through increased irrigation. This may significantly change the water balance in the area (e.g., high ET at the cost of a reduction in the water table), which renders large-scale plantations a questionable tool in sustainable arid-land management.     

农业面源污染防治的经济学手段研究综述

本文对经济学手段在农业面源污染防治方面的研究和应用进行了综述,阐明了农业面源污染的来源、特点及危害,并针对我国国情,重点分析了排污权交易、绿色信贷、清洁生产补贴的必要性和开展方式,得出了适用于我国农业面源的排污权交易机制。通过排污权交易和清洁生产补贴能够减少农业面源的治污成本,实现社会收益最大化,通过绿色信贷能够有效弥补市场失灵,保证低碳农业可持续发展。     

Seasonal variation effects on the formation of trihalomethane during chlorination of water from Yangtze River and associated cancer risk assessment

For the system of water samples collected from Yangtze River,the effects of seasonal variation and Fe(III) concentrations on the formation and distribution of trihalomethanes (THMs) during chlorination have been investigated.The corresponding lifetime cancer risk of the formed THMs to human beings was estimated using the parameters and procedure issued by the US EPA.The results indicated that the average concentration of THMs (100.81 μg/L) in spring was significantly higher than that in other seasons,which ...     

海洋渔业资源保护与可持续利用

为促进我国海洋渔业的可持续发展,分析了海洋渔业发展现状,指出了其发展方向:建立生态多元化投入机制,改善海洋资源基础设施和装备条件,制定渔业资源利用规划,鼓励有资格的渔业企业扩大海上水产养殖规模,加快相关设备的改造与升级研发.提出了具体措施:合理开发资源,建立海洋生态经济圈,完善法律法规,为保护我国海洋资源提供参考.     

三维电极电吸附动态反应器的除氟特征研究

采用自制的单极性复合型三维阳极作为第三维电极对含氟水进行动态电促吸附实验,通过研究不同填充床高度、阴阳极板间距、隔膜材料对电促吸附除氟效果的影响,确定反应器的最佳结构参数为:填充床高度20 cm、阴阳极板间距4 cm、隔膜为nafion117膜。工作电压、进水pH、进水流速、共存物质对氟离子去除效果的影响结果表明:在一定范围内增大工作电压,降低进水pH或进水流速均可提高除氟效果。相应的最佳操作条件为:工作电压7 V、进水流速4 mL/min、酸性pH;腐殖酸和碳酸根离子的存在会对氟离子去除产生较强抑制作用,低浓度的氯离子可促进氟离子的电促吸附。扫描电镜(SEM)-电子能谱(EDX)的表征结果显示三维颗粒电极的表面及孔隙内部均可吸附氟离子,且电吸附后并未出现电极腐蚀现象。     

考虑径向温度效应的能源桩荷载传递分析方法研究

针对能源桩受温度作用影响时的承载特性难以量化,提出考虑径向温度效应的荷载传递法对能源桩热-力耦合作用下的受力特性进行研究,评估温度变化对能源桩的影响,研究桩身轴力、桩侧摩阻力的分布状态,并以昆山能源桩的现场测试为依托,验证了本文方法的可行性。计算结果表明,温度作用对能源桩桩身应力应变状态有显著影响,当桩体受极限荷载与温度作用时,侧阻力发挥的作用几乎不大,在降温作用下能源桩桩顶会产生残余变形,因此在能源桩设计时应以降温作用时的沉降值为标准进行折减,考虑能源桩的设计承载力。     

新西兰氮排放配额与交易制度对中国的启示——以奶牛养殖业为例

近年来,排污权有偿使用与交易制度在中国部分省份开展了试点工作,许多大型的规模化畜禽养殖场也进行了排污许可证的申领。针对新西兰奶牛养殖业的污染治理措施进行了研究,梳理其开展污染防治工作的措施体系,以陶泊湖周边施行的氮排放配额与交易为主要对象,阐述了新西兰在养殖业排放配额与交易制度方面的工作实践,其配额基准核定方法、"资源许可证"申领制度、配额交易体系、相关支撑措施在一定程度上具备优势和先进性,对中国的畜禽养殖污染减排工作具有借鉴意义。