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J. J. M. Cuppen G. F. Wiegertjes H. W. J. Lobee H. F. J. Savelkoul M. A. Elmusharaf A. C. Beynen H. N. A. Grooten W. Smink 《The Environmentalist》2007,27(4):577-583
A hypothesis is proposed how Low Frequency Electromagnetic Field (LF EMF) exposure can stimulate an immune response, based
on recent insights in immunology. We hypothesize that the Immunent EMF treatment induces mild stress to cells, which then
produce cytokines that function as alarms or so called danger signals for the immune system. In this way EMF treatment takes
the place of multiplying pathogens, and the damage these cause, in the triggering of an immune response. In a first series
of experiments in␣vitro common carp head kidney-derived phagocytes were used to determine ROS production as a measure for
immune activation. Exposure to LF EMF signals (200–5,000 Hz) at 5 μT or 1.5 mT led to 42 or 33% increase in immune activity,
respectively, compared to negative control values. EMF could also additionally stimulate chemically pre-stimulated samples
up to 18% (5 μT) or 22% (1.5 mT). Significance of increase in ROS production in the total series was: p < 0.0001. In a second series of experiments in␣vitro commercial goldfish were used. Groups of fish were housed under equal
conditions in at least four control tanks and 8–16 EMF-exposed tanks. Exposure was done with a predominantly vertical field
at field strengths (rms) between 0.15 and 50 μT. Without treatment mortality was about 50% after 18 days, while the treatment
at 5 μT reduced it to 20% on average. At field strengths 0.15, 0.5, 1.5, 5, 15 and 50 μT an equally strong effect was found.
Reducing the field strength to 0.05, 0.06, 0.01 and 0.003 μT showed a gradually decreasing effect, which only at 0.003 μT
is no longer statistically significant. Finally, in␣vitro experiments were done with 560 commercial broiler chickens exposed
to infection pressure from coccidiosis. EMF exposure at 6.5 μT reduced intestinal lesions by 40% and improved feed conversion
by 8%. 相似文献
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Effects of a herbicide-insecticide mixture in freshwater microcosms: risk assessment and ecological effect chain 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Van den Brink PJ Crum SJ Gylstra R Bransen F Cuppen JG Brock TC 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2009,157(1):237-249
Effects of chronic application of a mixture of the herbicide atrazine and the insecticide lindane were studied in indoor freshwater plankton-dominated microcosms. The macroinvertebrate community was seriously affected at all but the lowest treatment levels, the zooplankton community at the three highest treatment levels, with crustaceans, caddisflies and dipterans being the most sensitive groups. Increased abundance of the phytoplankton taxa Cyclotella sp. was found at the highest treatment level. Threshold levels for lindane, both at population and community level, corresponded well with those reported in the literature. Atrazine produced fewer effects than expected, probably due to decreased grazer stress on the algae as a result of the lindane application. The safety factors set by the Uniform Principles for individual compounds were also found to ensure protection against chronic exposure to a mixture of a herbicide and insecticide at community level, though not always at the population level. 相似文献
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