River water contaminated with perfluorinated compounds potentially posing the greatest risk to young children

Although, humans are exposed to perflourinated compounds (PFCs) from various media, water consumption could be an important source for the residents living near to contaminated areas. Since comprehensive multimedia exposure model has not been developed for PFCs, assessment of the potential risk due to exposure to PFCs through direct water consumption could be a conservative estimate. The human health risks derived from the exposure to PFCs through water consumption were assessed for different age groups of general population in Taiwan using probabilistic approach. Based on available data on concentrations of PFCs in river water, exposure to PFOS, PFOA and PFDA via water consumption for different age groups were calculated using deterministic and probabilistic risk assessment methods. The oral non-cancer risks from PFOS, PFOA and their combination, expressed as a Hazard Index (HI), was determined by comparing oral exposure dose (through water intake) with the oral Reference Dose (RfD). The average exposure to PFOS, PFOA and PFDA via water consumption for adults ranged from 0.16 to 220.15, 0.43 to 12.5 and 0.43 to 2.36 ng kg-bw^?1 d^?1 and for children 0.13–354.3, 0.35–20.17 and 0.35–3.79 ng kg-bw^?1 d^?1, respectively. Probabilistic values of total HIs for all age groups reside near to Keya River exceed the RfD 2.4–4.8 times, corresponding mainly to PFOS with a percentage of 97%. In conclusions, children aged 1–3 years old and the residents reside near to Keya River are at the highest risk of exposure to PFCs via water consumption.