循环经济:理念与创新

我国从开始关注循环经济理念,到今天把循环经济定为国家发展的基本国策之一,已经历了十余个年头。从理论探索到工程实践,在多学科共同交叉研究中,许多专家学者提出了诸多基本理念。为了承上启下,对这方面的创新思想进行总括,作为进一步以工程科技创新推进循环经济发展的指导思想。     

Spatio-temporal variations of nitrogen in an agricultural watershed in eastern China: catchment export, stream attenuation and discharge

Using the monthly hydrogeochemical data of ChangLe River system from 2004 to 2008, total nitrogen (TN) export load (S(n)) from nonpoint sources (NPS) to stream and in-stream attenuation load (A(L)) was estimated by the inverse and forward format of an existing in-stream nutrient transport equation, respectively. Estimated S(n) contributed 96 ± 2% of TN entering the river system, while A(L) reduced the input TN by 23 ± 14% in average. In-stream TN attenuation efficiency in high flow periods (10 ± 5% in average for the entire river system) was much lower than that in low flow periods (39 ± 17%). TN attenuation efficiency in tributaries (28 ± 16% in average) was much higher than that in mainstream (11 ± 8%). Hydrological conditions are important in determining the spatio-temporal distributions of NPS TN export, stream attenuation and discharge. Increasing the water residence time might be a practical method for mitigating stream TN.     

Combined inverse modeling approach and load duration curve method for variable nitrogen total maximum daily load development in an agricultural watershed

Purpose  

Nonpoint sources (NPS) pollution has been an important cause for water quality impairment worldwide. To take the temporal variations of both NPS pollution and in-stream attenuation into consideration, an inverse modeling approach and the load duration curve (LDC) method were combined for variable nutrient total maximum daily load (TMDL) development.     

直井油管柱扶正器间距设计研究

为了避免生产过程中直井的油管柱受井底的轴向载荷失稳变形从而导致油管柱与井筒发生磨损,防止油管柱发生失稳变形引发事故,安装扶正器是有效的措施。针对扶正器的安装主要依靠经验,缺乏理论分析指导,既容易导致事故发生又增加成本的问题,基于封隔器—油管柱的实际受力及变形分析,建立了油管柱失稳力学模型,推导了直井中相邻扶正器临界失稳长度的计算公式,得出了扶正器的合理间距,并利用MATLAB进行实例的分析计算。结果表明:从中和点到井底,扶正器的布置间距呈现减小趋势;井口油压的降低导致油管柱临界失稳长度变小,使得扶正器的布置间距更加密集。该间距设计对油管柱扶正器的现场布置有实际的指导意义。     

Seasonal variations of nitrogen and phosphorus retention in an agricultural drainage river in East China

Background, aim, and scope  

Riverine retention decreases loads of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) in running water. It is an important process in nutrient cycling in watersheds. However, temporal riverine nutrient retention capacity varies due to changes in hydrological, ecological, and nutrient inputs into the watershed. Quantitative information of seasonal riverine N and P retention is critical for developing strategies to combat diffuse source pollution and eutrophication in riverine and coastal systems. This study examined seasonal variation of riverine total N (TN) and total P (TP) retention in the ChangLe River, an agricultural drainage river in east China.     

高压聚乙烯反应单元火灾爆炸危险性分析及预防

运用道化学公司火灾爆炸危险指数评价（第7版）方法,针对管式法高压聚乙烯生产工艺的特点,计算分析安全措施补偿后的火灾爆炸指数,分析总结其火灾危险性,并提出了一些具体的防火防爆措施。     

区域间水环境容量多目标公平分配的水环境基尼系数法

基于区域间水环境容量分配的控制指标和公平性准则分析,应用水环境基尼系数概念,以定量表达各公平性准则;并将各控制指标的水环境基尼系数均达到最小值作为界定多目标公平性的标准值。以此为基础,以各区域水环境容量分配比例为搜索变量,以水环境基尼系数达到多目标公平性标准值为目标,采用多目标最优化方法确定区域间水环境容量公平分配方案。应用该方法,对长乐江流域水环境容量在区域间的分配进行了实例分析。结果表明,将水环境基尼系数作为水环境容量分配结果的公平性衡量指标具有客观性,确定的水环境容量公平分配方案体现了多目标公平性。水环境基尼系数法可以推广至同一层面、具有可比性的排污单位间水环境容量公平分配问题上,且方法简单、可靠。     

Quantifying groundwater phosphorus flux to rivers in a typical agricultural watershed in eastern China

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Increasing evidence indicates that groundwater can contain high dissolved phosphorus (P) concentrations, thereby contributing as a potential pollution...     

Stream Nitrogen Sources Apportionment and Pollution Control Scheme Development in an Agricultural Watershed in Eastern China

A modeling system that couples a land-use-based export coefficient model, a stream nutrient transport equation, and Bayesian statistics was developed for stream nitrogen source apportionment. It divides a watershed into several sub-catchments, and then considers the major land-use categories as stream nitrogen sources in each sub-catchment. The runoff depth and stream water depth are considered as the major factors influencing delivery of nitrogen from land to downstream stream node within each sub-catchment. The nitrogen sources and delivery processes are lumped into several constant parameters that were calibrated using Bayesian statistics from commonly available stream monitoring and land-use datasets. This modeling system was successfully applied to total nitrogen (TN) pollution control scheme development for the ChangLe River watershed containing six sub-catchments and four land-use categories. The temporal (across months and years) and spatial (across sub-catchments and land-use categories) variability of nonpoint source (NPS) TN export to stream channels and delivery to the watershed outlet were assessed. After adjustment for in-stream TN retention, the time periods and watershed areas with disproportionately high-TN contributions to the stream were identified. Aimed at a target stream TN level of 2 mg L^?1, a quantitative TN pollution control scheme was further developed to determine which sub-catchments, which land-use categories in a sub-catchment, which time periods, and how large of NPS TN export reduction were required. This modeling system provides a powerful tool for stream nitrogen source apportionment and pollution control scheme development at the watershed scale and has only limited data requirements.     

Relationship between catchment characteristics and forms of nitrogen in Cao-E River Basin, Eastern China

The distribution of different nitrogen forms and their spatial and temporal variations in different pollution types of tributaries or reaches were investigated. Based on the catchments characteristics the tributaries or reaches can be classified into 4 types including headwater in mountainous areas (type I), agricultural non-point source (NPS) pollution in rural areas (type II), municipal and industrial pollution in urban areas (type III), and combined pollution in the main stream (type IV). Water samples were collected monthly from July 2003 to June 2006 in the Cao-E River basin in Zhejiang, Eastern China. The concentrations of NO3-N, NH4+-N, and total nitrogen (TN) were measured. The mean concentrations of NO3-N were in the order type IV > type II> type III > type I, whereas, NH4+-N, total organic nitrogen (TON), and TN were in the order type III > type IV > type II> type I. In headwater and rural reaches, CNO3-N was much higher than CNH4+-N. In urban reaches, TON and NH4+-N were the main forms, accounting for 54.7% and 32.1% of TN, respectively. In the whole river system, CNH4+-N decrease with increasing distance from cities, and CNO3-N increased with the increasing area of farmland in the catchments. With increased river flow, the CNO3-N increased and the CNH4+-N decreased in all types of reaches, while the variations of CTON and CTN were different. For TN, the concentration may be decreased with the increase of river flow, but the export load always increased.