黄土高原人工刺槐林土壤团聚体中不同活性有机碳从南到北的变化特征

不同粒径团聚体中的不同活性有机碳对人工林土壤质量改善及碳库动态平衡有重要的作用.本研究在黄土高原地区,从南向北沿着降雨和温度降低梯度选择淳化、安塞、绥德和神木共4个地区,比较研究了人工刺槐林土壤团聚体不同的活性有机碳含量变化及其影响因素.通过湿筛法将土壤团聚体分级为粉黏粒（<0.053 mm）、微团聚体（0.25~0.053 mm）和大团聚体（>0.25 mm）,用Leffory法测定3种粒径土壤团聚体低、中、高活性有机碳含量.结果表明：①4个样区大团聚体（>0.25 mm）含量由南至北呈先降低后增加趋势,微团聚体（0.25~0.053 mm）含量逐渐增加,粉黏粒（<0.053 mm）含量则先增后减.②4个样区中土壤团聚体3种活性有机碳含量大小顺序为低活性 > 中活性 > 高活性,其中,粉黏粒（<0.053 mm）低活性有机碳含量为1.02~1.52 g·kg^-1,中活性有机碳含量为0.53~0.91 g·kg^-1,高活性有机碳含量为0.28~0.43 g·kg^-1;而微团聚体（0.25~0.053 mm）低活性有机碳含量为1.02~2.02 g·kg^-1,中活性有机碳含量为0.46~1.20 g·kg^-1,高活性有机碳含量为0.31~0.85 g·kg^-1;大团聚体（>0.25 mm）低活性有机碳含量为1.08~3.07 g·kg^-1,中活性有机碳含量为0.70~1.96 g·kg^-1,高活性有机碳含量为0.48~1.24 g·kg^-1.③黄土高原人工刺槐林3种粒径团聚体的低、中、高活性有机碳含量主要与年均气温（MAT）、年均降雨量（MAP）、土壤SOC、TN和含水率显著相关（p<0.05）,且在同一活性下,活性有机碳含量与MAT、MAP、土壤TN、SOC、含水率的相关性随着土壤团聚体粒径的增大而越显著.研究结果对理解黄土高原土壤团聚体活性有机碳含量在空间尺度上的变化特征和影响因素具有重要意义.     

Mercury flows in large-scale gold production and implications for Hg pollution control

Large-scale gold production(LSGP) is one of the five convention-related atmospheric mercury(Hg) emission sources in the Minamata Convention on Mercury. However, field experiments on Hg flows of the whole process of LSGP are limited. To identify the atmospheric Hg emission points and understand Hg emission characteristics of LSGP, Hg flows in two gold smelters were studied. Overall atmospheric Hg emissions accounted for 10%–17% of total Hg outputs and the Hg emission factors for all processes were 7.6–9.6 kg/ton. There were three dominant atmospheric Hg emission points in the studied gold smelters, including the exhaust gas of the roasting process, exhaust gas from the environmental fog collection stack and exhaust gas from the converter of the refining process. Atmospheric Hg emissions from the roasting process only accounted for 16%–29% of total emissions and the rest were emitted from the refining process. The overall Hg speciation profile(gaseous elemental Hg/gaseous oxidized Hg/particulate-bound Hg) for LSGP was 34.1/57.1/8.8. The dominant Hg output byproducts included waste acid, sulfuric acid and cyanide leaching residue. Total Hg outputs from these three byproducts were 80% in smelter A and 84% in smelter B. Our study indicated that previous atmospheric Hg emissions from large-scale gold production might have been overestimated.Hg emission control in LSGP is not especially urgent in China compared to other significant emission sources(e.g., cement plants). Instead, LSGP is a potential Hg release source due to the high Hg output proportions to acid and sludge.     

湖州市北污水处理厂污泥处理运行管理

重点介绍湖州市北污水处理厂采用带式压滤机进行污泥脱水处理的应用情况及运行管理,并进行了小结。     

土壤对六价铬的还原容量初步研究

提出并讨论了土壤的潜在还原容量、有效还原容量和条件还原容量等概念，通过对采用北京和唐山地下水饮用水源区３个包气带土壤样品的土柱淋滤实验，研究了土壤对水溶液中六价铬的还原作用，研究了上述土壤各种还原容量之间的关系及影响因素，探讨了向土壤中投加适量常见，无毒，价廉的还原性物质以提高土壤还原能力的方法和将其应用于去除灌溉用污染地下水中六价铬的可能性，实验结果表明，在正常环境条件下，土壤的有效还原容量比土     

厂坝铅锌矿床中钠长石岩的成因探讨

厂坝铅锌矿床中钠长石岩的产状、常量元素、微量元素、稀土元素和放射性同位素等地质地球化学特征表明．该岩石为中泥盆统成矿流体在海底沉积和交代围岩形成的典型热液沉积岩——钠长石岩，其物质来自矿体的下状沉积地层柱和海水。该沉积岩在后期的强烈变质改造过程中，发生了重结晶作用。     

青海滩间山金矿床地质特征及其铅同位素组成的地质意义

滩间山金矿床产于中元古界蓟县系万洞沟群碳质糜棱片岩和华力西晚期侵入岩中。该金矿床天在热水沉积、区域变质和热变质预富集的基础上，与区域绿片岩相脆韧性剪切变形变质带的退化演化同步，经历了脆韧性、韧脆性和脆性剪切变形成矿阶段的演化，井遭受华力西晚期侵入岩浆活动的叠加改造而形成的。矿区地层、侵入岩、矿石及黄铁矿的铅同位素组成表现出良好的亲缘关系，较清楚地反映了地层和侵入岩浆活动对成矿物质的贡献。     

环烷酸脱油工艺的实验研究

以锦州化工二厂生产的２＃环烷酸为原料，采用减压蒸馏──初馏分皂化萃取脱油工艺，可制得中性油含量分别低于１０％和５％的一级品环烷酸．该工艺具有流程简单、物料消耗少、产品收率高等优点．通过实验，初步探讨了蒸馏真空度、氢氧化钠浓度及用量、乙醇用量、萃取剂用量等工艺条件对脱油效果及产品质量的影响。     

土壤中过量铜对水稻叶片光谱反射特性的影响

水稻移栽于添加不同量铜(分别为50、100、400ppm)的土壤上,叶片光谱反射特性发生规律性变化。在可见光部分反射率提高;在近红外部分反射率下降;在光谱反射率曲线的微分图上显示出蓝移。这些变化在分蘖期最为显著。从几个波段可以看出,正常的与铜毒害的水稻的光谱反射特性有较大差异。     

胞外聚合物对浸没式膜-生物反应器膜过滤性能的影响

通过浸没式膜-生物反应器（SMBR）处理上海市城市内河水的试验,研究了反应器混合液中和2种疏水性不同的膜上污泥胞外聚合物（EPS）的量、组成、污泥特性及对膜过滤性能的影响.结果表明,混合液污泥中的溶解性EPS和固着性EPS比膜上污泥多,不同污泥的固着性EPS组分中蛋白质（EPSP）/多糖（EPSC）的大小顺序依次为混合液污泥〈亲水膜污泥〈疏水膜污泥.疏水膜污泥中溶解性EPS比亲水膜多,溶解性EPS和固着性EPS量及组分均有很大差异.混合液污泥的EPS流动性大,疏水性膜上污泥EPS的流动性较大.溶解性EPS对污泥特性及膜过滤性能影响较大.SMBR中亲、疏水性膜片上黏附的污泥的相对疏水性分别为53%、59%.比较2种膜片通量的变化发现,疏水性膜污染严重.     

Optimal Policy Mechanism Design for Cross-Sector and Multi-Stage Pollution Control with a Bilevel Model: Application to SO<Subscript>2</Subscript> Emission in China

In this paper, we construct a multi-stage coordinated programming model under tax system to control SO₂ emission. The model is based on an explicitly formulated SO₂ abatement cost function created under Chinese condition. Analysis of the effectiveness and impact on the economy of the model is carried out with consideration of game theory. By solving the model, theoretical results show that the volume-based multi-stage SO₂ tax system has two properties: effectiveness and equal-rate. Based on these theoretical results, empirical study is also performed using Chinese historical data. Compared with yearly single-stage programming model, the tax rate generated by the coordinated multi-stage programming model is time-invariant and rather moderate in scale. The total abatement cost among planning years in our model is 21.03 % less than the actual number and 6.68 % less than that in the single-stage situation. The tax payment suggested by our model is 10.62 % less than by the single-stage model. In general, a coordinated multi-stage programming model helps reduce the overall costs of environmental protection while achieving the same emission control target with less burden added to the economy.