Religion and environmental politics in the US House of Representatives

Does religion affect legislators’ behavior on environmental policy in the US? Studies of environmental policy making have not examined this question, although the literature suggests that religion might affect legislative behavior on environmental policy. This study examines the relationship between US House members’ religion and roll-call voting on environmental legislation from 1973 to 2009. It finds significant differences across religious traditions. Legislators’ party and characteristics of constituencies relevant to environmental politics increasingly, but not entirely, mediate these differences.     

不同碳源条件下草菇内切型纤维素酶基因（eg1）转录表达的分析

利用Northernblot方法分析了不同碳源条件下草菇切型纤维素酶基因(eg1)的表达.结果发现,在含有纤维素的液体培养基中生长10d,eg1在草菇菌丝中有高效表达;纤维二糖、α-乳糖、β-乳糖,也能诱导eg1的表达,但和纤维素相比,eg1的表达量相对较低,并且它们的诱导效应在加入这类糖12h后迅速减弱;槐糖和龙胆二糖的诱导作用非常弱.在天然稻草为基质的固体栽培料生长时,草菇eg1的表达和草菇菌丝生长与出菇相对应,在菌丝生长期(d8)可见eg1的表达,d12时菌丝已长满,表达减弱,在出菇及菇体的分化及增大期,eg1的表达量逐渐增强,在成熟期达到最高水平;表明在草菇菇体发育中需要更多碳源及能源的补充,eg1在这方面起着非常重要的作用.图4参14     

Volatilisation of crop protection chemicals from crop and soil surfaces under controlled conditions--prediction of volatile losses from physico-chemical properties

Volatilisation of crop protection chemicals from soil and crop surfaces is one of a number of processes that may contribute to their dissipation in the environment. Therefore, information on the potential of a chemical to volatilise from these surfaces is required by international and national registration authorities. This paper reports the results of more than 190 experiments, which were carried out with 80 different crop protection chemicals under controlled conditions (laboratory and/or greenhouse) according to the BBA guideline. Percent loss values observed during 24 h after application are reported for 123 soil and 71 crop volatility studies. Generally, volatile losses from crop surfaces were found to be greater than from soil surfaces under comparable experimental conditions. It has been previously proposed that volatile losses from soil surfaces, from crops, and from aqueous systems can be estimated from physico-chemical parameters. The data are therefore analysed to determine whether a correlation exists between volatilisation and physico-chemical parameters, such as vapour pressure, Henry's law constant, water/air and soil/air distribution coefficients. It was found that these parameters can be used to make reasonable predictions of volatile losses from crop and soil surfaces, which can be expected for crop protection chemicals under controlled conditions. Vapour pressure was the best predictor of losses from soil and crops. The use of the soil/air distribution coefficient is an alternative for predicting/estimating the volatility potential of a chemical from soil. Based on direct measurements, no noticeable volatility can be expected from compounds with a vapour pressure below 10(-3) Pa from soil and 10(-4) Pa from crops, this is fully confirmed by indirect measurements. A tiered volatility testing scheme including appropriate trigger values is proposed.     

Ring test of a method for assessing the phototransformation of chemicals in water

Seven types of apparatus have been used to measure the quantum yields for direct phototransformation in water of 4 chemicals (pentachlorophenol; 2,4-dichlorophenol; 3,4-dichloroaniline; 4-nitrophenol) under polychromatic (12 laboratories) and monochromatic (3 laboratories) light, according to a common test protocol. The results with both types of light were in good agreement. The reproducibility and accuracy of quantum yields obtained with the ECETOC/University of Clermont-Ferrand apparatus with polychromatic light (6 laboratories) were similar to or better than those obtained with monochromatic light. A disadvantage of the method with polychromatic light is that the calculation is more complicated, but this can be overcome by the use of a desk-top computer. On the other hand experiments with polychromatic light permit the determination of quantum yields of substances of low photoreactivity.     

不同碳源条件下草菇内切型纤维素酶基因(egl)转录表达的分析

利用Northern blot方法分析了不同碳源条件下草菇內切型纤维素酶基因(eg1)的表达.结果发现,在含有纤维素的液体培养基中生长10 d,eg1在草菇菌丝中有高效表达;纤维二糖、α-乳糖、β-乳糖,也能诱导eg1的表达,但和纤维素相比,eg1的表达量相对较低,并且它们的诱导效应在加入这类糖12 h后迅速减弱;槐糖和龙胆二糖的诱导作用非常弱.在天然稻草为基质的固体栽培料生长时,草菇eg1的表达和草菇菌丝生长与出菇相对应,在菌丝生长期(d 8)可见eg1的表达,d 12时菌丝已长满,表达减弱,在出菇及菇体的分化及增大期,eg1的表达量逐渐增强,在成熟期达到最高水平;表明在草菇菇体发育中需要更多碳源及能源的补充,eg1在这方面起着非常重要的作用. 图4 参14