Impact of particle sizes on health risks and source-specific health risks for heavy metals in road dust

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - To analyze the impact of particle sizes on sources and related health risks for heavy metals, road dust samples in Beijing were collected and sifted...     

Study of uncertainty of satellite and reanalysis precipitation products and their impact on hydrological simulation

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Satellite and reanalysis precipitation products are potential alternatives in hydrological studies, and it is very important to evaluate their...     

Contamination levels and human health risk assessment of toxic heavy metals in street dust in an industrial city in Northwest China

This study investigated the content, distribution, and contamination levels of toxic metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, and Zn) in street dust in Lanzhou, an industrial city in Northwest China. Meanwhile, the risk these metals posed to the urban ecosystem and human health was also evaluated using the potential ecological risk index and human exposure model. Results showed that concentrations of these metals in the dust are higher than the background value of local soil, with Cu having the highest levels. The districts of Anning and Xigu had the most extreme levels of contamination, while Chengguan and Qilihe districts were lightly contaminated, which can be partly attributed to human activities and traffic densities. In comparison with the concentrations of selected metals in other cities, the concentrations of heavy metals in Lanzhou were generally at moderate or low levels. Heavy metal concentration increased with decreasing dust particle size. The pollution indices of Cr, Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn were in the range of 0.289–2.09, 0.332–2.15, 1.38–6.21, 0.358–2.59, and 0.560–1.83 with a mean of 1.37, 1.49, 3.18, 1.48, and 0.897, respectively. The geo-accumulation index (I _geo) suggested that Zn in street dust was of geologic origin, while Cd, Cr, Pb, and Cu were significantly impacted by anthropogenic sources. The comprehensive pollution index showed that urban dust poses a high potential ecological risk in Lanzhou. Non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic effects due to exposure to urban street dust were assessed for both children and adults. For non-carcinogenic effects, ingestion appeared to be the main route of exposure to dust particles and thus posed a higher health risk to both children and adults for all metals, followed by dermal contact. Hazard index values for all studied metals were lower than the safe level of 1, and Cr exhibited the highest risk value (0.249) for children, suggesting that the overall risk from exposure to multiple metals in dust is low. The carcinogenic risk for Cd and Cr was all below the acceptable level (< 10⁻⁶).

     

施加牛粪熟肥对黄土吸附双酚A的影响

为研究施加腐熟牛粪对黄土吸附BPA（双酚A）的影响,采用批量平衡试验法,分析不同因素[如黄土粒径、体系温度、初始ρ （BPA）、离子强度、pH等]对BPA在黄土及施加牛粪熟肥黄土上吸附量的影响.结果表明:BPA在黄土中的吸附均符合先快后慢并最终达到平衡的吸附规律,准二级动力学模型能较好地描述其吸附动力学过程.BPA在黄土与施加腐熟牛粪黄土上的解吸量远小于其吸附量,说明吸附-解吸过程中存在解吸滞后性.黄土与施加腐熟牛粪黄土对BPA的热力学吸附过程符合Freundlich等温吸附模型,并且吸附等温线符合L-型吸附等温模式,BPA的吸附吉布斯自由能（ΔGθ） < 0,焓变（ΔHθ） < 0,熵变（ΔSθ） < 0,表明该吸附属于混乱程度减小、可自发放热的吸附过程.影响因素分析结果显示,黄土对BPA的吸附量随其粒径的减小而增大,而不论是否施加腐熟牛粪,其对BPA的吸附量均随体系温度升高而减少,且随初始ρ （BPA）的增加而升高.此外,加入的阳离子（Ca2+、Mg2+）会与BPA形成竞争吸附,不论是黄土还是施加腐熟牛粪黄土,其对BPA的吸附量均随加入阳离子浓度的升高而降低.当pH为3~7时,黄土与施加腐熟牛粪黄土对BPA的吸附量随着pH的升高而增加,而pH为7~10时对BPA的吸附量变化较小,表明该范围内pH变化对黄土与施加腐熟牛粪黄土吸附BPA的影响不明显.研究显示,施加牛粪等腐熟肥可能导致BPA的吸附行为发生改变.      

应用Tail-PCR扩增蓝猪耳T-DNA侧翼序列

蓝猪耳是一种重要的具有观赏和科研价值的花卉植物.采用TAIL-PCR成功扩增了转基因蓝猪耳T-DNA插入位点的侧翼序列,扩增片断长度为200～2 000 bp,大多数片段在400 bp和800 bp左右,其中36%的序列含有植物的同源序列.通过与GenBank数据库比对,确定了部分T-DNA插入位点周边序列编码的可能蛋白,并提交序列7条;另外还对T-DNA转化植物时整合的位点进行了分析,发现断裂位点集中在距右边界15～18 bD和右边界外234 bp处,分别占总扩增片段的47.62%和38.10%.这为利用T-DNA标签进行蓝猪耳基因克隆和功能分析提供了实验技术上的保证.图2表2参24     

天然有机质对土霉素在西北灰钙土上吸附行为的影响

抗生素被广泛应用于日常生活中,大量含有抗生素的废弃物通过多种途径进入土壤给人类健康和土壤环境带来了严重危害,因此,探索抗生素类有机污染物在土壤中的吸附机理对土壤污染防治具有重要意义.以西北灰钙土为研究对象、以OTC（oxytetracycline,土霉素）为目标污染物,采用批量法分析灰钙土在添加有机质前、后对OTC的吸附动力学、热力学特征及其影响因素.结果表明:OTC的动力学吸附过程分快吸附阶段（0~2 h）和慢吸附阶段（2~10 h）,10 h之后吸附基本达到平衡,吸附过程拟合均符合准二级动力学模型.对不同温度下OTC在灰钙土上的吸附过程进行拟合显示,Langmuir和Freundlich热力学模型拟合的R2分别在0.930~0.985和0.967~0.973之间;对于不同初始ρ（OTC）在添加有机质灰钙土上的等温吸附过程,Langmuir和Freundlich热力学模型拟合的R2分别在0.952~0.988和0.936~0.971之间,表明这两种模型均可较好地解释此吸附过程;热力学参数ΔGθ（吉布斯自由能变）小于0,ΔHθ（焓变）和ΔSθ（熵变）均大于0,表明吸附为自发进行的混乱程度增大的吸热反应.添加外源性有机质HA（humic acid,胡敏酸）和FA（fulvic acid,富里酸）能增加OTC的吸附量,且自制有机质的促进作用大于市售有机质,HA的促进作用大于FA.随着初始ρ（OTC）的增大,吸附量呈增加趋势;Ca2+和Na+的加入均使OTC的吸附量减小,且离子浓度越高、价态越高,抑制效果越明显;不同pH对OTC吸附的影响均较小.研究显示,不同来源、种类的有机质均可促进OTC吸附,但不会改变吸附平衡时间;HA的疏水性较FA强,对OTC的吸附量较高;溶液pH对OTC吸附影响不显著,但不同价态、浓度的金属阳离子对OTC的吸附有较大影响.      

天然腐殖酸对黄土吸附敌草隆的影响

为研究添加天然腐殖酸条件下黄土对有机农药的吸附过程及影响机制,以敌草隆为目标污染物,采用批量平衡试验法,分析黄土与黄土+HA（在黄土中添加腐殖酸）处理对敌草隆的吸附动力学、吸附热力学、解吸动力学过程及其主要影响因素（如pH、离子强度等）.结果表明:①与黄土相比,黄土+HA对敌草隆的吸附时间较短,且二者均符合颗粒内部扩散模型.②Freundlich等温吸附模型能够较好地拟合黄土及黄土+HA对敌草隆的吸附热力学过程.黄土和黄土+HA对敌草隆的吸附自由能（ΔGθ）、熵变（ΔSθ）均小于0,表明反应是一个自发进行且混乱度逐渐减小的过程;添加HA使黄土对敌草隆的焓变（ΔHθ）由负值变为正值,即由放热过程转化为吸热过程,表明温度升高使HA表面的微孔数量增多,为敌草隆提供了更多的吸附位点.③随着pH的升高,黄土和黄土+HA对敌草隆的吸附量均缓慢减小,当pH>7时吸附趋于平衡.④不同离子（Ca2+、Na+、Mg2+）及离子强度下,黄土和黄土+HA对敌草隆的吸附量随着c（Ca2+）的减小而增大,与同浓度的Mg2+和Ca2+相比,Mg2+存在下黄土对敌草隆的吸附量较大;与同浓度的Ca2+和Na+相比,Na+存在下黄土对敌草隆的吸附量较大.⑤由解吸动力学过程可以看出,添加天然HA可延长敌草隆在黄土中的滞留时间.研究显示,HA的存在提高了敌草隆在黄土中的迁移能力,并使其吸附机制发生了改变.