关于中国生活垃圾渗滤液排放标准的探讨

介绍了美国、德国、日本等国的渗滤液排放标准,并与中国现行的<生活垃圾填埋污染控制标准>(GB16889-1997)中的渗滤液排放标准相比较,指出了其存在的排放标准统一化、限值过于严格、控制项目不足等问题,并针对这些问题提出了相关的建议.     

各国生活垃圾填埋场防渗结构标准研究

介绍美国、德国和欧盟等国的生活垃圾填埋污染控制标准中对于填埋场防渗结构包括防渗构造、防渗系数、防渗层厚度的有关规定。并对我国54家生活垃圾填埋场的防渗结构进行调查,调查结果表明,我国生活填埋场防渗结构设计不合理,容易发生渗滤液泄漏,这与现行《生活垃圾填埋污染控制标准》(GB16889-1997)中有关防渗结构的要求不足有关。建议我国的生活垃圾填埋场采用复合防渗结构,人工膜厚度至少为1.5mm,压实粘土层厚度至少为50cm。     

Influence of different inoculation densities of black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens) on heavy metal immobilization in swine manure

The disposal of organic waste by the biocomposting of black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) has drawn broad attention. However, the discrepancies in heavy metal immobilization between BSFL biocomposting with different inoculation densities and aerobic composting need to be further researched. In this study, BSFL with inoculation densities of 0.08%, 0.24% and 0.40% was added to swine manure to investigate its influence on heavy metal bioaccumulation and bioavailability. The physicochemical properties, BSFL growth performance and amino acid contents were measured. The results showed that the germination index, total prepupal yield and bioavailable fraction removal rate (%) of Cr and Pb at an inoculation density of 0.40% of BSFL were the highest among all of the BSFL biocomposting groups. Although the bioaccumulation factor and heavy metal (Cd, Cr, Cu and Zn) concentrations of the BSFL body from swine manure with inoculation densities of 0.24% and 0.40% of BSFL were similar, the BSFL inoculation density of 0.40% had the best absorption effect on these heavy metals in terms of total prepupal yield. Therefore, this study provides a basis for exploring the optimal inoculation density of BSFL biocomposting to reduce the harmful effects of heavy metals in swine manure.

     

微囊藻毒素在鲋鱼体内生物富集及其体内的抗氧化反应

为了解微囊藻毒索在鲋鱼Carassius auratus L.体内生物富集作用,用LC/MS监测不同时间的鲋鱼肝脏、肌肉,以及饲养用水中痕量的微囊藻毒素.结果显示,肌肉组织中MC-RR和MC-LR的含量在18 d时达到峰值,分别为7.87 ng·g~(-1)和2.18 ng·g~(-1);而肝脏组织中MC-RR和MC-LR的含量在鲋鱼暴露9天时达到最高值,分别为25.30 ng·g~(-1)和33.27ng·g~(-1).研究结果支持肝脏组织是MCs的主要靶向器官,并且表明肝脏组织对MC-LR的富集量远大于MC-RR,而肌肉组织更易于积累MC-RR.文章还研究了鲋鱼体内的抗氧化酶(SOD、CAT、GST、GR酶)的活性变化,对MCs介导的氧化胁迫进行了评估.通过分别测定暴露不同时间点(3、9、18 d)肝脏和肌肉组织中的抗氧化酶的活性,发现它们的活性与组织中MCs的含量基本呈正相关,可能对MCs介导的氧化胁迫有缓解作用.以上表明,MCs能在鱼体内积累,抗氧化系统虽可缓解,但不能完全降解.因此食用被MCs污染的鱼类存在潜在的食品安全风险.