从垃圾焚烧飞灰中回收金属研究进展

焚烧处理已成为我国大城市生活垃圾处理的主要方式之一,焚烧飞灰属于危险废物,其处理处置与利用已成为焚烧厂面临的主要问题。飞灰中含有大量的金属,如将其回收利用不仅可以缓解我国金属资源短缺的问题,而且可使飞灰由危险废物转化为惰性固体废物而加以利用。介绍从飞灰中回收金属国内外研究现状并分析了现有工艺存在的问题,建议采用水洗预处理结合酸碱两步浸取,辅之以溶剂选择萃取的方法从一次飞灰中选择性回收Pb、Cu和Zn。     

Mechanisms of cardiovascular toxicity induced by PM2.5: a review

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - An increasing number of studies have shown that exposure to particulate matter with a diameter ≤ 2.5 μm (PM2.5) could affect the onset and...     

Conjugation of Soybean Oil and It’s Free-Radical Copolymerization with Acrylonitrile

The conjugated soybean oil was synthesized through the isomerization reaction of soybean oil to transformed the structure of linoleic acid into conjugated linoleic acid structure, and Rhodium complexes (RhCl(Pph₃)₃) was used as catalyst. The efficiency on the conjugation of catalyst RhCl (Pph₃)₃, tin dichloride dehydrate (SnCl₂·2H₂O) and triphenylphosphine (Pph₃) were evaluated. The results showed when RhCl(Pph₃)₃, SnCl₂·2H₂O and Pph₃ are 9.25, 9.0 and 13.1 mg in 100 g soybean oil respectively, the highest conversion of conjugation achieved 96%. The free radical copolymerization of conjugated soybean oil with acrylonitrile (AN) and dicyclopentadiene (DCP) was studied. AIBN was used as the initiator. FT-IR and ¹H-NMR results indicates that the conjugated soybean oil with AN and DCP did occur free radical copolymerization with the initiator AIBN. The product is light yellow powder. The thermal properties of the soy-based copolymer were investigated by TG and DSC. The initial degradation temperature of polymers is higher then 250 °C.     

煅烧温度对γ-Fe_2O_3催化剂结构及其脱硝活性的影响

采用沉淀-微波热解法,以Fe SO4·7H2O为铁源制备环境友好的γ-Fe2O3催化剂,结合XRD(X射线衍射)、N2等温吸附-脱附、SEM(扫描电子显微镜)、EDS(能谱仪)等手段对催化剂样品的晶相、孔结构、表面形貌、表面元素组成等进行表征,并考察其NH3-SCR(选择性催化还原)脱硝性能,研究煅烧温度对γ-Fe2O3催化剂物性及NH3-SCR脱硝性能的影响规律.结果表明:300、350和450℃下煅烧制备的催化剂中生成的杂质α-Fe2O3对SCR反应不利,而400℃煅烧制备的γ-Fe2O3催化剂脱硝性能最优,NOx转化率最高可达95%以上,XRD结果表明其纯度高,并且在60~100 nm孔径区间具有发达的孔隙结构,有利于SCR反应进行;随着煅烧温度升高,γ-Fe2O3催化剂表面晶格氧逐渐增加,颗粒形貌经历了片状颗粒(300、350℃)→球状颗粒(400℃)→针状颗粒(450℃)的变化过程,均匀的球状颗粒形貌及其表面丰富的晶格氧是400℃煅烧制得催化剂具备最优脱硝性能的重要因素.     

泥膜混合MBBR系统自养脱氮工艺的启动研究

为了加速厌氧氨氧化菌(AnAOB)富集,解决自养脱氮工艺启动缓慢的问题,在短程硝化絮状污泥反应器中投加含有少量AnAOB的悬浮填料,构建泥膜混合移动床生物膜反应器(MBBR)系统,探讨该系统在自养脱氮启动中的作用. 结果表明:①在温度为20~30 ℃、pH为7.8~8.2、DO浓度为0.2~0.9 mg/L的条件下,经45 d的运行,成功富集AnAOB. 通过调整运行模式和曝气量,TN去除率提高至70%左右,成功启动自养脱氮工艺. ②在运行过程中,曝气阶段主要发生短程硝化反应,缺氧阶段主要发生厌氧氨氧化反应. ③泥膜混合MBBR系统中优势的好氧氨氧化菌(AOB)和AnAOB分别为Nitrosomonas和Candidatus_Kuenenia. Nitrosomonas主要分布于絮状污泥中,其相对丰度从42.95%减至30.98%;而Candidatus_Kuenenia主要分布于填料生物膜中,其相对丰度从5.88%增至25.90%. ④泥膜混合MBBR系统中还检测出Ignavibacteriales_bacterium_UTCHB1、Pseudomonas、Denitratisoma等多种反硝化细菌,说明部分TN损失是通过内源反硝化途径实现. 研究显示,基于短程硝化絮状污泥的泥膜混合MBBR系统,可以维持稳定的短程硝化,快速富集AnAOB,也可以有效缩短自养脱氮工艺的启动时间.      

钢铁企业污染场地土壤环境评价与修复研究

搬迁企业原址场地(棕地)可能由于原生产活动遗留有毒有害物质的污染,因此.棕地改造之前必须对其进行污染调查分析和环境风险评价,判断其是否需要进行土壤修复.采用磁学测量结合土壤理化分析对首钢搬迁场址进行了土壤污染词查,用克里格法插值后采用内梅罗指数法评价土壤环境风险,并列举了不同生产区域的主要污染物和相应的土壤修复方法.     

Evolution of heavy metal speciation during the aerobic composting process of sewage sludge

The contents of heavy metals and their bioavailability to the soil-plant system were the major limitation to the application of sewage sludge compost in soil. This study was conducted to determine the evolution of heavy metal speciation in the course of an aerobic composting, and investigate the influence of changes of composting process parameters including pH, temperature and organic matter (OM) content on distribution of heavy metal speciation in composted sludge. The sequential extraction procedure developed by Tessier et al. was used in sludge compost to determine the heavy metal speciation. Results showed that, during composting, (1) the contents of the residue fraction for Pb, Zn and Cd were decreased but those for Ni and Cr were increased; the Cu residue fraction was almost constant; (2) the contents of the total mobile fractions (including fractions 1-4) for Zn and Pb were significantly increased, but the increase of those for Cu and Ni were not so remarkable; (3) there were significant degrees of correlation between heavy metal fractions and changes of some selected parameters (for example, pH, composting temperature, and OM content). Only the content of the total mobile fractions for Cu could be predictable from its total content. For the prediction of the total mobile fractions of Zn, Ni, Cd and Cr, the R(2) value was significantly increased by the inclusion of other variables such as pH, temperature and OM content.     

城市表层土壤重金属与磁化率的多尺度空间变异分析

采集徐州市城区167个表层土壤的样品,并分别测定了磁化率χ的数值及其5种重金属(Cu、Zn、Mo、Cd和Pb)的含量.利用多元因子克里金分析上述研究变量在局部尺度(1 km变程)和区域尺度(5.5 km变程)的空间变异特征.研究表明,徐州城市表土中的磁化率与重金属在局部尺度上主要受到交通、工业和农业等人为因素的影响,在区域尺度上,则以土壤母岩等自然因素为主导.磁化率#与Cu、Zn、Mo、Cd、Pb在局部尺度上的结构相关性较高,在此尺度内选择适当的采样间隔,有助于提高磁化率作为上述重金属污染替代指标进行空间制图的精度.     

大中型卫生填埋场臭气治理探索与实践

填埋场臭气的治理一直是阻碍大中型卫生填埋场发展的难题,以北京市朝阳区高安屯卫生填埋场为例,分析了填埋场臭气产生的原因,介绍了其在渗沥液臭气治理、填埋气臭气治理以及空间除臭三方面的实践经验以及结果,这些对其他卫生填埋场的臭气治理有很好的借鉴作用。     

Fe~(2+)对菌株Y_7降解石油烃的影响

以陕北石油污染土壤中筛选出来的菌株Y7作为研究对象,用石油烃培养基进行驯化培养。通过石油烃降解率、OD(吸光度)值和pH值等指标来评价降解效果。研究结果表明菌株Y7可以对石油烃进行有效降解,并且在培养基中加入适量的Fe2+,对菌株的生长和石油烃的降解有一定促进作用,其中最佳Fe2+浓度为24 mg/L;菌株Y7在最佳Fe2+浓度的环境下,前3天降解石油烃效果最好,降解率可达40%。