利用3S技术动态监测天山草地农业产量及其成因分析

在新疆阜康县大量“天地”资料观测基础上，利用3S(RS、GIS和GPS)技术和生态系统分析方法，对新疆天山草地农业资源进行了系统的动态监测和大面积估产研究。结果表明，该县草地和森林面积1998年比1988年分别下降了17．5％和51．o％，而农业用地面积和沙漠危害面积却分别增加了57．8％和21．2％，实现了利用3s技术系统准确监测新疆阜康县草地农业资源动态变化，其大面积草地遥感估产精度达到75．8％以上。最后，建立了新型PPR估产模型，其估产精度达到81．76％以上，并给出了理论生态成因解释与定量分析结果等。     

Changes in plasma thyroid hormones and cortisol levels in crucian carp (Carassius auratus) exposed to the extracted microcystins

The endocrine response of crucian carp injected intraperitoneally with extracted microcystins (MC) was investigated in this study. Fish were injected intraperitoneally either with 0.75% NaCl (control) and Microcystis extract corresponding to 150 and 600 microg microcystins per kg body weight. The plasma levels of triiodothyronine (T(3)), thyroxine (T(4)), free triiodothyronine (FT(3)), free thyroxine (FT(4)), and cortisol were determined at 0, 1, 3, 12, 24, and 48h post-administration of MC-containing extract. Treated fish displayed abnormal behaviors, such as a startle response and disoriented swimming, as well as changes in ventilation rates. Plasma cortisol concentrations of fish in both dose groups significantly increased after administration of extracted MC and remained high throughout the experiment, which suggested that MC elicited a stress response in treated fish. The profiles of cortisol changes in treated fish appeared to be dose dependent, indicating that fish in the high dose group experienced greater MC-induced disturbance. Mortality occurred after 12h in the high dose group. Plasma levels of T(4), T(3), FT(4), and FT(3) did not vary significantly between the control fish. In contrast to this, fish exposed to MC-containing extract showed significant declines in T(3), FT(4), and FT(3) levels in a dose-dependent manner throughout the experiment. Plasma T(4) levels, however, did not vary significantly in the low dose group, whereas they decreased significantly at 48h post injection in the high dose group. This study demonstrates that administration of microcystins-containing extract causes a stress response and reduces the plasma levels of thyroid hormones in crucian carp. These results illustrate that microcystins exerted potent effects on the endocrine system of crucian carp, through activating their hypothalamus-pituitary- interrenal axis and disturbing thyroid function.     

山梨酸废水在ABR中的基质降解行为

稳态条件下,采用厌氧折流板反应器(anaerobic baffled reactor,ABR)处理山梨酸废水并进行基质降解动力学研究.实验表明,在污泥负荷为0.54～1.63 kg COD/(kg VSS·d)的范围内,COD去除率随着负荷的增加从85%降到55%.各隔室出水COD沿程递减,前3个隔室承担了去除COD的重要作用,但随着污泥负荷的增加,后部承担的COD去除率比例增大.基于各串联隔室完全混合的假定,推导ABR中山梨酸废水的基质降解动力学方程,并通过实验确定相关动力学参数及相应的动力学方程.实测值与预测值基本吻合.     

生物絮凝剂MBFGA1预处理乳制品加工废水

用生物絮凝剂MBFGA1预处理乳制品加工废水（简称废水）。实验结果表明，废水处理的水力条件为：以150r／min的转速搅拌30S，再以30r／min的转速搅拌20min；MBFGA1的最佳加入量为15mg／L；废水pH为4．0时，MBFGA1对废水的絮凝处理效果最好；废水温度对浊度、COD去除率有一定的影响，在20～45℃时，废水浊度的去除率始终保持在85％以上；30℃时，COD去除率达到最大值65．0％。     

2002年3-6月国内安全事故数据

统计了2002年3-6月国内发生的各种安全事故871起,包括矿业事故、交通事故、爆炸事故、火灾、毒物泄露和中毒及其他事故.统计表明,在这些事故中,矿业事故最多,占61. 8%,平均每天4.5起事故,其次是交通事故(16.3%)、爆炸事故(6.7%)、火灾(6.0%)、其他事故(5.6%)、毒物泄露和中毒(3.7%).871起事故共死亡2 197人,伤3 321人,死亡人数的百分比分别为矿业事故53.7%、交通事故28.0%、火灾6.1%、爆炸事故5.9%、其他事故5.1%、泄露中毒1.2%;受伤人数的百分比分别为泄露中毒37.4%、交通事故26.9%、爆炸事故14.2%、矿业事故11.8%、其他事故5.3%、火灾4.4%.     

污水灌溉风险概率分布的研究

针对目前我国水资源紧缺、用大量污水进行农田灌溉造成环境污染的现状,指出了污水灌溉风险研究中的不足.利用农业干旱模型,通过非参数检验对污水灌溉风险的概率分布进行了研究,并利用江苏省南京地区某污灌区的实际资料,计算了当地污水灌溉风险的概率分布.     

区域水战略方案选优的动态组合评价模型研究

水安全危机是人类进入新世纪以来在生存及发展方面所面临的最严重挑战之一。研究科学合理的水安全战略成为区域可持续发展的重大课题。针对区域水战略问题涉及众多因素且各因素之间动态关联的特点，提出了基于水战略方案优选的兼容度极大化动态组合评价模型（CMM—DCEM），并将其成功地应用于我国广东省北江下游及其三角洲地区水安全战略方案优选评价。评价结果及模型基于不确定性的敏感性分析结果证明：CMM—DCEM实现了主、客观赋权方法以及单一评价模型的融合，使用实码加速遗传算法求解目标函数，克服了传统的组合评价方法计算繁琐的不足，评价过程更加科学合理。     

A directional passive air sampler for monitoring polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in air mass

A passive air sampler was developed for collecting polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in air mass from various directions. The airflow velocity within the sampler was assessed for its responses to ambient wind speed and direction. The sampler was examined for trapped particles, evaluated quantitatively for influence of airflow velocity and temperature on PAH uptake, examined for PAH uptake kinetics, calibrated against active sampling, and finally tested in the field. The airflow volume passing the sampler was linearly proportional to ambient wind speed and sensitive to wind direction. The uptake rate for an individual PAH was a function of airflow velocity, temperature and the octanol-air partitioning coefficient of the PAH. For all PAHs with more than two rings, the passive sampler operated in a linear uptake phase for three weeks. Different PAH concentrations were obtained in air masses from different directions in the field test.     

用海泡石处理采油废水

用海泡石吸附法处理采油废水，考察了处理时间、海泡石加入量和采油废水pH对采油废水COD去除率的影响，并通过正交实验优化了采油废水处理工艺条件。通过正交实验得到的采油废水处理最佳工艺条件为：处理时间6h，粒径为150μm的海泡石加入量200g／L，采油废水pH9。在该条件下处理采油废水，COD去除率达到91％，处理后出水的COD为34．71mg／L，小于GB8978-1996（（污水综合排放标准》中的一级标准（60mg／L）。