排序方式: 共有27条查询结果,搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
2.
利用2019年和2020年夏季沈阳市工业区大气挥发性有机物(VOCs)的观测数据,研究沈阳市夏季工业区大气VOCs的组成特征并初步判断其来源,并利用最大增量反应活性(MIR)和气溶胶生成系数(FAC)法分别估算该地大气VOCs的臭氧生成潜势(OFP)及二次有机气溶胶生成潜势(AFP).结果表明,观测期间沈阳市工业区ρ(总VOCs)平均值为41.66μg·m-3,烷烃、烯烃、芳香烃和乙炔分别占总VOCs浓度的48.50%、 14.08%、 15.37%和22.05%.浓度排名前10的物种累计占总VOCs浓度的69.25%,其中大部分为C2~C5的烷烃,还包括乙炔、乙烯和部分芳香烃.总VOCs整体上呈现出早晚浓度高、中午浓度低的日变化特征,峰值分别出现在06:00和22:00,11:00~16:00处于较低水平.由甲苯/苯(T/B)和异戊烷/正戊烷的比值判断工业区主要受机动车尾气排放、溶剂使用、燃烧源和LPG/NG的影响.工业区大气VOCs的总AFP为41.43×10-2μg·m-3,其中芳香烃的贡献最大;总OFP贡献值为1... 相似文献
3.
4.
Lynne A. Isbell Dorothy L. Cheney Robert M. Seyfarth 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》1990,27(5):351-358
Summary A decline in the density of trees and the deterioration of the habitat of vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops) in Amboseli National Park, Kenya, have been accompanied by movement of vervet groups into unfamiliar areas. These home range shifts were documented over a period of 26 months. The largest group moved into the home ranges of neighboring groups and acquired more trees, a resource that had become more limited. The groups whose home ranges were encroached upon did not share their home ranges with the intruders, but instead moved into areas that were unoccupied and had a lower density of trees. The largest group was thus more successful than smaller groups in competition for limited resources. For all but one group, movement into new areas was directly associated with the disappearances of female and immature monkeys. Most of the disappearances were attributable to predation. These results suggest that the cost of predation in unfamiliar areas may contribute to the evolution of philopatry in vervets. However, under unstable conditions, resource competition forces these animals to disperse (in groups) despite the high risk of predation.
Offprint requests to: L.A. Isbell 相似文献
5.
Julia?FischerEmail author Dawn?M.?Kitchen Robert?M.?Seyfarth Dorothy?L.?Cheney 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2004,56(2):140-148
Free-ranging adult male baboons give loud two-syllable wahoo calls during dawn choruses, interactions between groups, when chasing females, and in aggressive interactions with other males. Previous research has shown that the rate and duration of these contest wahoos are correlated with a males competitive ability: high-ranking males call more often, call at faster rates, and call for longer bouts than do low-ranking males. Here we report that acoustic features of wahoos also reveal information about male competitive ability. High-ranking males give wahoos with higher fundamental frequencies (F0) and longer hoo syllables. Within-subject analyses revealed that, as males fall in rank, the hoo syllables tend to shorten within a period of months. As males age and continue to fall in rank, F0 declines, hoo syllables shorten, and formant dispersion decreases. Independent of age and rank, within bouts of calling F0 declines and hoo syllables become shorter. Because wahoos are often given while males are running or leaping through trees, variation in these acoustic features may function as an indicator of a males stamina. The acoustic features of contest wahoos thus potentially allow listeners to assess a males competitive ability.Communicated by C. Nunn 相似文献
6.
7.
Silk JB Beehner JC Bergman TJ Crockford C Engh AL Moscovice LR Wittig RM Seyfarth RM Cheney DL 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2010,64(11):1733-1747
Analyses of the pattern of associations, social interactions, coalitions, and aggression among chacma baboons (Papio hamadryas ursinus) in the Okavango Delta of Botswana over a 16-year period indicate that adult females form close, equitable, supportive, and
enduring social relationships. They show strong and stable preferences for close kin, particularly their own mothers and daughters.
Females also form strong attachments to unrelated females who are close to their own age and who are likely to be paternal
half-sisters. Although absolute rates of aggression among kin are as high as rates of aggression among nonkin, females are
more tolerant of close relatives than they are of others with whom they have comparable amounts of contact. These findings
complement previous work which indicates that the strength of social bonds enhances the fitness of females in this population
and support findings about the structure and function of social bonds in other primate groups. 相似文献
8.
Input of trichloroacetic acid into the vegetation of various climate zones--measurements on several continents 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Weissflog L Krüger G Elansky N Putz E Pfennigsdorff A Seyfarth KU Nüchter M Lange C Kotte K 《Chemosphere》2003,52(2):443-449
Trichloroacetic acid (TCA, CCl(3)COOH) is a phytotoxic chemical. Although TCA salts and derivates were once used as herbicides to combat perennial grasses and weeds, they have since been banned because of their indiscriminate herbicidal effects on woody plant species. However, TCA can also be formed in the atmosphere. For instance, the high-volatile C(2)-chlorohydrocarbons tetrachloroethene (TECE, C(2)Cl(4)) and 1,1,1-trichloroethane (TCE, CCl(3)CH(3)) can react under oxidative conditions in the atmosphere to form TCA and other substances. The ongoing industrialisation of Southeast Asia, South Africa and South America means that use of TECE as solvents in the metal and textile industries of these regions in the southern hemisphere can be expected to rise. The increasing emissions of this substance--together with the rise in the atmospheric oxidation potential caused by urban activities, slash and burn agriculture and forest fires in the southern hemisphere--could lead to a greater input/formation of TCA in the vegetation located in the lee of these emission sources. By means of biomonitoring studies, the input/formation of TCA in vegetation was detected at various locations in South America, North America, Africa, and Europe. 相似文献
9.
T. J. Bergman J. C. Beehner D. L. Cheney R. M. Seyfarth P. L. Whitten 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2006,59(4):480-489
To date, research on testosterone and behavior has focused on individuals, even when studying social behaviors that necessarily
involve multiple participants. Here, we explore male responses to other males of different dominance ranks and testosterone
levels in a population of wild baboons. In chacma baboons (Papio hamadryas ursinus) of the Okavango Delta, a male’s testosterone is related to his rank trajectory and, therefore, the threat he poses to other
males. To examine the effects of testosterone and rank on male–male interactions, we used playback experiments to measure
how a target male responded to the simulated approach of another male, scoring responses by whether or not the subject moved
away from the speaker in the first minute. High testosterone subjects did not move away from the speaker more often than low
testosterone subjects, but high testosterone callers elicited a move more often than low testosterone callers. When the combined
testosterone of the subject and caller was high, moves were most common. The rank relationship between subject and caller
did not predict moves, but the effect of combined testosterone on moving was most pronounced in adjacently ranked males. Adjacently
ranked, high testosterone males are the most likely to be competing for each others’ rank, and our experiments on these dyads
elicited the most moves. Both behavioral and experimental observations indicate that testosterone may be more important than
the rank relationship in predicting the outcome of male–male interactions. Furthermore, combined information on the testosterone
of both males was the best predictor of results, highlighting the utility of dyadic analyses when relating testosterone to
behavior. 相似文献
10.
Liza R. Moscovice Marlies Heesen Anthony Di Fiore Robert M. Seyfarth Dorothy L. Cheney 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2009,63(10):1471-1482
Adult male chacma baboons (Papio hamadryas ursinus) form preferential associations, or friendships, with particular lactating females. Males exhibit high levels of affiliative
contact with their friends’ infants and defend them from potentially infanticidal attacks (Palombit et al. 1997). Little is known about males’ associations with juveniles once they have passed the period of infanticidal risk. We conducted
an observational, experimental, and genetic study of adult male and juvenile chacma baboons in the Moremi Reserve, Botswana.
We identified preferential associations between males and juveniles and used behavioral data and a playback experiment to
explore whether those associations have potential fitness benefits for juveniles. We determined whether males preferentially
invest in care of their own offspring. We also determined how often males invest in care of their former friends’ offspring.
The majority of juveniles exhibited preferential associations with one or two males, who had almost always been their mother’s
friend during infancy. However, in only a subset of these relationships was the male the actual father, in part because many
fathers died or disappeared before their offspring were weaned. Male caretakers intervened on behalf of their juvenile associates
in social conflicts more often than they intervened on behalf of unconnected juveniles, and they did not appear to differentiate
between genetic offspring and unrelated associates. Playbacks of juveniles’ distress calls elicited a stronger response from
their caretakers than from control males. Chacma males may provide care to unrelated offspring of former friends because the
costs associated with such care are low compared with the potentially high fitness costs of refusing aid to a juvenile who
is a possible offspring. 相似文献