基于PCA-SOM的北京市平谷区地下水污染溯源

为了解北京市平谷区地下水污染物来源,以平谷区2010—2018年监测数据为基础,使用PCA(主成分分析法)识别了地下水水质指标因子,使用自组织映射识别了污染物的空间分布.结果表明:通过监测指标间的Pearson检验发现, 平谷区地下水电导率与ρ(Ca2+)(p=0.936)、总碱度与ρ(HCO₃2-)(p=0.981)、ρ(Mg2+)与总硬度(p=0.944)指标之间显著相关.地下水化学类型主要以HCO₃-Ca型为主,其次为HCO₃-Mg型.NH₄+、SO₄2-、Cd、Fe(Ⅱ)、NO₂指标空间分布离散性和差异性较大,存在局部富集现象.通过因子分析法筛选出影响平谷区地下水水质的8个公因子,首要影响因子为溶滤-富集作用(贡献率为22.398%),次要影响因子为农业、养殖业和填埋场等人为活动作用(贡献率为16.533%),雨水下渗作用(贡献率为8.035%)、工业源人为活动(贡献率为7.466%)对地下水也有一定影响.通过比较各指标的SOM(Self-Organizing Map,自组织映射)特征图像和监测井映射特征图像,发现NH₄+受山前地带林业、种植业和平原地带农业、养殖业的双重影响,Na+、Mn受平原地带人为活动的影响;同时,NH₄+、NO₃-、NO₂三者之间及Fe(Ⅱ)与Fe(Ⅲ)之间来源不同,Cd、Al、氰化物三者具有同一来源.研究显示,PCA-SOM(PCA与SOM相结合)可以对地下水化学组分来源进行定性识别与定量分析.      

Low-temperature caproate production,microbial diversity,and metabolic pathway in xylose anaerobic fermentation

● Converting xylose to caproate under a low temperature of 20 °C by MCF was verified. ● Final concentration of caproate from xylose in a batch reactor reached 1.6 g/L. ● Changing the substrate to ethanol did not notably increase the caproate production. ● Four genera, including Bifidobacterium , were revealed as caproate producers. ● The FAB pathway and incomplete RBO pathway were revealed via metagenomic analysis. Mixed culture fermentation (MCF) is challenged by the unqualified activity of enriched bacteria and unwanted methane dissolution under low temperatures. In this work, caproate production from xylose was investigated by MCF at a low temperature (20 °C). The results showed that a 9 d long hydraulic retention time (HRT) in a continuously stirred tank reactor was necessary for caproate production (~0.3 g/L, equal to 0.6 g COD/L) from xylose (10 g/L). The caproate concentration in the batch mode was further increased to 1.6 g/L. However, changing the substrate to ethanol did not promote caproate production, resulting in ~1.0 g/L after 45 d of operation. Four genera, Bifidobacterium, Caproiciproducens, Actinomyces, and Clostridium_sensu_stricto_12, were identified as the enriched caproate-producing bacteria. The enzymes in the fatty acid biosynthesis (FAB) pathway for caproate production were identified via metagenomic analysis. The enzymes for the conversion of (C_n+2)-2,3-Dehydroxyacyl-CoA to (C_n+2)-Acyl-CoA (i.e., EC 1.3.1.8 and EC 1.3.1.38) in the reverse β-oxidation (RBO) pathway were not identified. These results could extend the understanding of low-temperature caproate production.     

基于可编辑VR实验平台的突发事件下跟随效应研究

建立了可编辑VR疏散动力学实验平台,并招募100名大学生开展地铁车厢内的虚拟实验,探究突发事件下的跟随效应。每次实验有一名实验人员和20名虚拟乘客(NPC)参与,共设置5个场景探究不同比例的运动NPC对参与者预动作行为和运动行为的影响。通过分析问卷、预动作时间、出门选择、运动距离等数据,发现在实验中存在跟随等待人群和跟随运动人群两种跟随效应,而人群的运动是更为强烈的信息,当等待和运动NPC占比从0%提升至50%,等待和运动参与者占比分别提高10%和60%。因此,在突发事件场景中,应及时对局部人群施加有效的同向引导,以提升整体疏散效率。     

Mechanisms of Pb(II) coprecipitation with natrojarosite and its behavior during acid dissolution

Lead (Pb) coprecipitation with jarosite is common in natural and engineered environments, such as acid mine drainage (AMD) sites and hydrometallurgical industry. Despite the high relevance for environmental impact, few studies have examined the exact interaction of Pb with jarosite and the dissolution behavior of each phase. In the present work, we demonstrate that Pb mainly interacts with jarosite in four modes, namely incorporation, occlusion, physically mixing, and chemically mixing. For comparison, the four modes of Pb-bearing natrojarosite were synthesized and characterized separately. Batch dissolution experiments were undertaken on these synthetic Pb-bearing natrojarosites under pH 2 to simulate the AMD environments. The introduction of Pb decreases the final Fe releasing efficiency of jarosite-type compounds from 18.18% to 3.45%-5.01%, showing a remarkable inhibition of their dissolution. For Pb releasing behavior, PbSO₄ dissolves in preference to Pb-substituted natrojarosite, i.e., (Na, Pb)-jarosite, which primarily results in the sharp increase of Pb releasing concentration (> 40 mg/L). PbSO₄ occlusion by jarosite-type compounds can significantly reduce the release of Pb. The results of this study could provide useful information regarding Fe and Pb cycling in acidic natural and engineered environments.     

通风及营养元素对多环芳烃污染土壤修复影响

文章在无外源接种体的条件下,评估了强制通风(通风量为1.51 L/min)与营养元素对土壤中多环芳烃(PAHs)降解的交互作用。结果表明:仅靠合适的营养液配方和长时间通风可以刺激污染土壤中的土著微生物生长,并影响微生物菌群的形成。通风同时添加营养液有利于好氧菌生长、加快PAHs的降解;与通风相比,添加营养元素是影响PAHs降解的主要因素。通风和添加营养元素对3环PAHs降解影响不显著,但可促进4环、5环和6环PAHs污染物降解。60 d内,仅通风、仅添加营养元素、同时通风和添加营养元素处理的PAHs分别降解了52%、59%、67%。     

Mechanisms for simultaneous ozonation of sulfamethoxazole and natural organic matters in secondary effluent from sewage treatment plant

• SMX was mainly degraded by hydrolysis, isoxazole oxidation and double-bond addition. • Isoxazole oxidation and bond addition products were formed by direct ozonation. • Hydroxylated products were produced by indirect oxidation. • NOM mainly affected the degradation of SMX by consuming ^•OH rather than O₃. • Inhibitory effect of NOM on SMX removal was related to the components’ aromaticity. Sulfamethoxazole (SMX) is commonly detected in wastewater and cannot be completely decomposed during conventional treatment processes. Ozone (O₃) is often used in water treatment. This study explored the influence of natural organic matters (NOM) in secondary effluent of a sewage treatment plant on the ozonation pathways of SMX. The changes in NOM components during ozonation were also analyzed. SMX was primarily degraded by hydrolysis, isoxazole-ring opening, and double-bond addition, whereas hydroxylation was not the principal route given the low maximum abundances of the hydroxylated products, with m/z of 269 and 287. The hydroxylation process occurred mainly through indirect oxidation because the maximum abundances of the products reduced by about 70% after the radical quencher was added, whereas isoxazole-ring opening and double-bond addition processes mainly depended on direct oxidation, which was unaffected by the quencher. NOM mainly affected the degradation of micropollutants by consuming ^•OH rather than O₃ molecules, resulting in the 63%–85% decrease in indirect oxidation products. The NOM in the effluent were also degraded simultaneously during ozonation, and the components with larger aromaticity were more likely degraded through direct oxidation. The dependences of the three main components of NOM in the effluent on indirect oxidation followed the sequence: humic-like substances>fluvic-like substances>protein-like substances. This study reveals the ozonation mechanism of SMX in secondary effluent and provides a theoretical basis for the control of SMX and its degradation products in actual water treatment.     

The proliferation rule of Microcystis aeruginosa under different initial pH conditions and its influence on the pH value of the environment

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - This study investigated the characteristics of the proliferation process of Microcystis aeruginosa and its changes to environmental pH values under...     

菌渣-发酵床废弃垫料堆肥中温室气体排放及与微生物的关系

堆肥是处理农业废弃物最适宜的技术之一,但堆肥产生的有害和温室气体排放导致环境污染问题.本研究以生猪养殖发酵床废弃垫料及菌渣为原料,利用强制通风静态堆肥技术研究垫料和菌渣不同配比及添加EM菌剂对堆肥过程温室气体排放和微生物区系的影响.结果表明,不同堆肥处理温室气体排放通量以堆肥前20 d较大,堆肥中后期降低;微生物总量和种类在不同堆肥处理间没有发生显著性变化;CO_2和N_2O排放速率与细菌、真菌和甲烷氧化菌间具有显著的正相关关系.整个堆肥期间,以菌渣为主料并添加EM菌剂的堆肥处理温室气体减排效果最佳,相对其他3个处理温室气体减排0.7%~10.2%.由此认为,以菌渣为主料和通过添加EM菌剂的堆肥方式可以作为降低菌渣-发酵床废弃垫料堆肥过程温室气体排放的策略.     

生活垃圾焚烧飞灰差异性特征对脱氯除盐效果影响研究——以重庆和天津飞灰为例

随着生活垃圾焚烧技术的普及,垃圾焚烧飞灰的资源化利用迫在眉睫,然而飞灰中的高浓度氯元素严重阻碍了其资源化进程.水洗技术作为常用的脱氯除盐技术,得到越来越多的应用,但除氯效果受飞灰自身性质特征影响较大.本研究从重庆和天津采集了两种理化性质具有较大差异的垃圾焚烧飞灰,在对其粒径分布、化学组成、矿物组成、pH值和浸出毒性等基本特征进行分析表征的基础上,采用水洗技术和碳酸化水洗技术对两种飞灰进行了脱氯处理.结果表明,重庆飞灰氯元素的赋存形态包括NaCl、KCl等可溶性氯盐,还含有较高浓度的难溶氯盐(如CaClOH、Friedel盐和Ca₆(CO₃)₂(OH)₇Cl),因此,水洗技术难以达到理想的脱氯效果,氯盐去除率最高为88%.在水洗过程中通入CO₂可以显著降低反应体系的pH值,促进难溶盐的转化和溶解,进而提高飞灰氯盐的去除率.重庆飞灰采用加速碳酸化水洗技术,氯盐去除率最高可达94%.天津飞灰中氯元素主要以可溶性氯盐的形式存在,难溶盐占比很少,因此,水洗技术可以达到较高的脱盐率(96%).采用加速碳酸化技术对天津飞灰进行处理,发现氯盐去除率较纯水洗技术反而有所降低,分析其主要原因可能与加速碳酸化过程中碳酸钙等物质的再沉淀对氯盐的裹挟作用有关.由此可知,飞灰自身性特征尤其是氯盐的赋存形态对于脱氯除盐技术的选择有重要影响.因此,实际资源化利用过程中,可根据飞灰性质来决定预处理手段,从而最大化提升效率和节约成本.     

部分国家农用地土壤环境质量标准体系研究

中国、德国、加拿大、英国、日本和荷兰等国家已有较为完整的农用地土壤环境质量标准体系.笔者在分析这些国家农用地土壤环境质量标准体系的基础上,梳理了各国制定农用地土壤环境质量标准的方法、考虑因素以及标准的含义,比较得出各国农用地土壤环境质量标准的异同,以期为我国农用地土壤风险管控标准的优化提供参考和借鉴.参考各国农用地土壤...