Influence of floc dynamic protection layer on alleviating ultrafiltration membrane fouling induced by humic substances

Cake layer formation is inevitable over time for ultrafiltration (UF) membrane-based drinking water treatment. Although the cake layer is always considered to cause membrane fouling, it can also act as a “dynamic protection layer”, as it further adsorbs pollutants and dramatically reduces their chance of getting to the membrane surface. Here, the UF membrane fouling performance was investigated with pre-deposited loose flocs in the presence of humic acid (HA). The results showed that the floc dynamic protection layer played an important role in removing HA. The higher the solution pH, the more negative the floc charge, resulting in lower HA removal efficiency due to the electrostatic repulsion and large pore size of the floc layer. With decreasing solution pH, a positively charged floc dynamic protection layer was formed, and more HA molecules were adsorbed. The potential reasons were ascribed to the smaller floc size, greater positive charge, and higher roughness of the floc layer. However, similar membrane fouling performance was also observed for the negative and positive floc dynamic protection layers due to their strong looseness characteristics. In addition, the molecular weight (MW) distribution of HA also played an important role in UF membrane fouling behavior. For the small MW HA molecules, the chance of forming a loose cake layer was high with a negatively charged floc dynamic protection layer, while for the large MW HA molecules it was high with a positively charged floc dynamic protection layer. As a result, slight UF membrane fouling was induced.     

Robust magnetic laccase-mimicking nanozyme for oxidizing o-phenylenediamine and removing phenolic pollutants

In this study, we report a novel magnetic biomimetic nanozyme(Fe_3O_4@Cu/GMP(guanosine5′-monophosphate)) with high laccase-like activity, which could oxidize toxic ophenylenediamine(OPD) and remove phenolic compounds.The magnetic laccase-like nanozyme was readily obtained via complexed Cu~(2+)and GMP that grew on the surface of magnetic Fe_3O_4 nanoparticles.The prepared Fe_3O_4@Cu/GMP catalyst could be magnetically recycled for at least five cycles while still retaining above 70% activity.As a laccase mimic,Fe_3O_4@Cu/GMP had more activity and robust stability than natural laccase for the oxidization of OPD.Fe_3O_4@Cu/GMP retained about 90% residual activity at 90℃ and showed little change at pH 3–9, and the nanozyme kept its excellent activity after long-term storage.Meanwhile, Fe_3O_4@Cu/GMP had better activity for removing phenolic compounds, and the removal of naphthol was more than 95%.Consequently, the proposed Fe_3O_4@Cu/GMP nanozyme shows potential for use as a robust catalyst for applications in environmental remediation.     

Magnetotactic bacteria: Characteristics and environmental applications

• Magnetotactic bacteria (MTB) synthesize magnetic nanoparticle within magnetosomes. • The morphologic and phylogenetic diversity of MTB were summarized. • Isolation and mass cultivation of MTB deserve extensive research for applications. • MTB can remove heavy metals, radionuclides, and organic pollutants from wastewater. Magnetotactic bacteria (MTB) are a group of Gram-negative prokaryotes that respond to the geomagnetic field. This unique property is attributed to the intracellular magnetosomes, which contains membrane-bound nanocrystals of magnetic iron minerals. This review summarizes the most recent advances in MTB, magnetosomes, and their potential applications especially the environmental pollutant control or remediation. The morphologic and phylogenetic diversity of MTB were first introduced, followed by a critical review of isolation and cultivation methods. Past research has devoted to optimize the factors, such as oxygen, carbon source, nitrogen source, nutrient broth, iron source, and mineral elements for the growth of MTB. Besides the applications of MTB in modern biological and medical fields, little attention was made on the environmental applications of MTB for wastewater treatment, which has been summarized in this review. For example, applications of MTB as adsorbents have resulted in a novel magnetic separation technology for removal of heavy metals or organic pollutants in wastewater. In addition, we summarized the current advance on pathogen removal and detection of endocrine disruptor which can inspire new insights toward sustainable engineering and practices. Finally, the new perspectives and possible directions for future studies are recommended, such as isolation of MTB, genetic modification of MTB for mass production and new environmental applications. The ultimate objective of this review is to promote the applications of MTB and magnetosomes in the environmental fields.     

菌渣中阿维菌素残留检测方法及其无害化工艺研究

文章建立了简单、快速的阿维菌素菌渣中阿维菌素残留量高校液相色谱检测方法以及利用水热法处理阿维菌素菌渣。采用固相萃取-高效液相色谱检测方法测定阿维菌素菌渣中阿维菌素残留量,提取剂为乙腈/水=4/1(V/V),采用HLB固相萃取柱进行净化。加标回收率90.3%~107.3%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为3.00%~5.69%,阿维2菌素标准曲线线性相关系数R~2=0.999 6,线性范围为1.0~1 000 mg/L。利用正交实验,水热法处理阿维菌素菌渣,在190℃的温度下处理2 h后,菌渣中阿维菌素残留量由991.30降至0.84 mg/kg,去除率达99.92%。处理前后的菌渣与有机肥标准作对比,除含水率外其余检测指标均达到有机肥标准要求。该项研究为阿维菌素菌渣的资源化利用提供了理论依据。     

广东省气象与源排放因素对PM_(2.5)浓度影响的数值模拟研究

为更好地区分大气污染物浓度变化中气象与源排放因素的影响,使用中尺度气象模型WRF和三维空气质量模型CAMx,通过固定源清单的方法模拟研究了广东省各地区不同时期气象因素对PM_(2.5)浓度变化的影响,并结合实测的PM_(2.5)浓度变化,计算出源排放因素对PM_(2.5)浓度的贡献。结果表明:相对于2014年,2015年广东省夏季的气象条件不利于PM_(2.5)浓度的下降,春季和秋季的气象条件有利于PM_(2.5)浓度的下降,就全年各季度平均而言,珠江口附近地区气象条件较有利于PM_(2.5)浓度的下降;源排放变化对肇庆市、韶关市和揭阳市等城市PM_(2.5)浓度变化有较强的削减作用,可使其浓度下降30%以上,显示这些城市的减排工作较为有效,深圳市、珠海市、东莞市、中山市与顺德区等市(区)PM_(2.5)污染改善主要是由于有利的气象条件的影响,源排放变化对珠海市和湛江市等城市污染起加剧的作用,表明不利的源排放变化抵消了部分有利气象条件对PM_(2.5)污染的改善作用,应加强对这些地区源排放的控制。     

条形荷载下三明治形加筋土挡墙的变形特性分析∗

为了研究条形荷载作用下三明治形混合填土方式对加筋土挡墙变形特性的影响,采用 FLAC3D建立了数值计算模型,分析了三明治形加筋土挡墙的黏土弹性模量 E1、砂土弹性模量 E2、砂土厚度 d、筋材长度 L 以及荷载距面板距离 D 对挡墙变形特性的影响。结果表明：相对于加筋黏土挡墙,三明治形加筋土挡墙变形大幅减小,减少其墙顶沉降约 32%,减少面板位移约 44%;其土压力分布规律为墙后水平土压力大体上随填土深度的增加而增大;适当增大黏土弹性模量有利于减小挡墙顶面差异沉降;砂土存在一个最优弹性模量,使得面板水平位移最小;三明治形加筋土挡墙存在一个最优砂土厚度,使得三明治加筋土挡墙工作性能最佳;当 L/H≥0.7 时,继续增加筋材长度或当 D/H≥0.3 时,继续增大荷载距面板距离对挡墙影响相对较小。     

广东省船舶排放源清单及时空分布特征研究

分别采用基于船舶引擎功率和耗油量的排放因子法,估算了广东省地区2010年的船舶排放清单,并选取客货运输吞吐量、航道通航能力因子和港口地理坐标等数据作为权重因子,研究了该地区各类船舶排放的时空分布特征.结果表明,广东省各类船舶在2010年的SO2、NO x、CO、PM10、PM2.5和VOCs排放总量分别为14.6×104t、23.1×104t、3.0×104t、7.9×103t、7.2×103t和9.3×103t.广东省客货运输船舶月排放波动较小;渔业船舶在1月、4月和11月份的排放比例最高.广东省客货运输船舶水域排放集中在西江干线水道和珠江三角洲高等级航道网内,港口排放主要分布在广东省珠江三角洲沿海发达城市地区;渔船港口排放量呈显著的沿海条带状空间分布特征.     

降雨对城市草坪温室气体源汇效应的影响

利用静态箱法研究了夏季降雨对上海市城市草坪温室气体排放的影响,结果表明,晴天上海市城市草坪是N_2O和CO_2的源,CH_4的汇;降雨会削弱N_2O和CO_2排放,使得草坪由CH_4的汇转变为排放源。N_2O通量在晴天和雨后分别为1.37±3.47和1.06±2.67μmol/(m2·h),CO_2通量在晴天和雨后分别为13.33±8.59和6.46±2.61mmol/(m~2·h),CH_4通量在晴天和降雨后分别为-0.08±3.77和0.22±6.27μmol/(m~2·h)。明暗箱对比实验显示,草坪生态系统能有效缓解土壤对大气N_2O和CO_2的贡献。N_2O和CO_2通量与光合有效辐射和温度呈显著负相关(p0.01),CH_4和二者相关性不显著。降雨通过降低光合作用和温度,间接削弱城市草坪CO_2和N_2O的排放。降雨可能通过提高含水率抑制城市草坪对CH_4的吸收,促进其排放。     

北京市不同季节室外细菌气溶胶分布特征及其环境影响因素分析

为了解北京市室外细菌气溶胶的分布特征,基于培养法分析了2020年9月—2021年5月不同季节细菌气溶胶浓度及粒径的分布特征,探讨气象因素(温度和相对湿度)和空气颗粒物(PM₁₀和PM_2.5)对细菌气溶胶分布特征的影响. 结果表明:①北京市室外细菌气溶胶平均浓度为447.10 CFU/m3 (每立方米空气中的菌落形成单位),呈春季〔(648.55±537.24)CFU/m3〕>冬季〔(324.50±181.99)CFU/m3〕>秋季〔(319.59±305.07)CFU/m3〕的特征,不同季节细菌气溶胶浓度差异不显著. ②北京市室外约80%的细菌气溶胶直径大于2.1 μm,细菌气溶胶浓度在第2级(粒径为4.7~7.0 μm)显著降低,峰值粒径出现在第1级(粒径>7.0 μm). 粒径大于7.0 μm的细菌气溶胶在春季与秋季以及春季与冬季之间均存在统计学差异 (p均小于0.05). 可进入人体下呼吸道的细菌气溶胶(≤4.7 μm)比例近50%(冬季、秋季、春季占比分别为61.0%、58.9%、41.6%),冬季空气中可进入人体下呼吸道的细菌气溶胶比例最高. ③Spearman相关性分析表明,室外环境细菌气溶胶浓度与相对湿度呈显著负相关(p<0.05),与PM₁₀浓度呈显著正相关(p<0.05),表明细菌气溶胶浓度受气象因素和空气污染物的影响. 研究显示,北京市室外环境中可进入人体下呼吸道的细菌气溶胶比例近50%,冬季细菌气溶胶暴露风险最高.