典型的固定源排放可凝结颗粒物中无机组分研究

近年来我国各类典型固定源排放可过滤颗粒物（Filterable Particulate Matter,FPM）的水平已经明显降低,然而固定源可凝结颗粒物（Condensable Particulate Matter,CPM）的排放水平却逐渐引起人们的关注和重视.因此研究不同类型固定源CPM的排放特征对进一步了解和控制固定源颗粒物的排放具有重要意义.本研究根据美国EPA Method 202搭建了一套CPM的采样装置,对5个不同固定源排放的CPM进行了采样.实验结果表明在两个燃煤电厂、一个烧结厂和两个垃圾焚烧厂中,CPM的排放浓度分别为 7.65、26.00、28.89、6.82和5.53 mg·m^-3,无机组分在CPM中的占比分别为69%、62%、43%、62%和71%.其中SO₄^2-是燃煤电厂和烧结厂排放CPM中最主要的水溶性离子,占总离子的67%以上.Cl^-是垃圾焚烧厂排放CPM中最主要的水溶性离子,占总离子的37%以上.K、Ca、Na、Fe、Mg和Al等元素在各类固定源CPM排放的总元素中占比较高,大约在80%以上.此外,在燃煤电厂和烧结厂排放CPM中的未知组分比例大约在20%以上,说明现阶段我们对CPM组成成分的研究还有限,未来应当继续探索研究.     

堆肥添加剂降低碳氮损失的微生物学机制研究

为了探明添加剂如何影响堆肥微生物优势群落的演替进而影响碳氮损失,以玉米秸秆和鸡粪为原料,添加不同量的生物质炭和凹凸棒作为添加剂,设置5个处理（CK （鸡粪+玉米秸秆）、BC1（鸡粪+玉米秸秆+5%（干重）生物质炭）、BC2（鸡粪+玉米秸秆+10%（干重）生物质炭）、PG1（鸡粪+玉米秸秆+5%（干重）凹凸棒）和PG2（鸡粪+玉米秸秆+10%（干重）凹凸棒））进行堆肥.结果表明,相较于CK,BC1、BC2、PG1、PG2处理的碳和氮损失分别减少了8.60%、12.05%、2.03%、6.14%和14.54%、20.14%、8.40%、11.23%.优势微生物菌群与碳氮损失的冗余分析表明,添加10%生物质炭和添加10%凹凸棒都显著促进了堆肥过程中固氮类细菌相对丰度,而抑制反硝化细菌的相对丰度,且添加10%生物质炭效果更佳;KEGG分析表明,添加10%生物质炭显著影响氨基酸代谢和碳水化合物代谢功能基因,而添加10%凹凸棒显著影响氨基酸代谢功能基因.由此可见,10%添加剂的碳氮损失都低于5%添加剂的处理,添加生物质炭的碳氮损失都低于凹凸棒处理,添加剂通过影响优势微生物群落及其氨基酸代谢和碳水化合物代谢功能基因抑制堆肥过程中的碳氮代谢,从而减少碳氮损失.     

Groundwater pollution source apportionment using principal component analysis in a multiple land-use area in southwestern China

Identification of different pollution sources in groundwater is challenging, especially in areas with diverse land uses and receiving multiple inputs. In this study, principal component analysis (PCA) was combined with geographic information system (GIS) to explore the spatial and temporal variation of groundwater quality and to identify the sources of pollution and main factors governing the quality of groundwater in a multiple land-use area in southwestern China. Groundwater samples collected from 26 wells in 2012 and 38 wells in 2018 were analyzed for 13 water quality parameters. The PCA results showed that the hydro-geochemical process was the predominant factor determining groundwater quality, followed by agricultural activities, domestic sewage discharges, and industrial sewage discharges. Agriculture expansion from 2012 to 2018 resulted in increased apportionment of agricultural pollution. In contrast, economic restructure and infrastructure improvement reduced the contributions of domestic sewage and industrial pollution. Anthropogenic activities were found the major causes of elevated nitrogen concentrations (NO₃^?, NO₂^?, NH₄⁺) in groundwater, highlighting the necessity of controlling N sources through effective fertilizer managements in agricultural areas and reducing sewage discharges in urban areas. The applications of GIS and PCA successfully identified the sources of pollutants and major factors driving the variations of groundwater quality in tested years.