氧化反应对偏二甲肼泄漏扩散过程影响的数值模拟研究

针对液体推进剂偏二甲肼与空气中氧气的反应对其泄漏扩散过程的影响进行数值模拟研究。以偏二甲肼长贮库房为研究区域,分别对不考虑氧化反应和考虑氧化反应的库房内偏二甲肼气体泄漏扩散过程进行了数值模拟,研究库房内偏二甲肼浓度的分布规律,并分析自发氧化反应对偏二甲肼泄漏扩散的浓度分布和温度分布的影响。结果表明:偏二甲肼与氧气自发发生的氧化反应对库房内的流场有显著影响,在库房内偏二甲肼泄漏扩散600s后,氧化反应导致泄漏源上方0~1.2m区域温度上升12K,偏二甲肼浓度为未考虑氧化反应条件下的8倍左右。     

The role of humic acid in the toxicity of arsenite to the diatom Navicula sp.

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) affects arsenite [As(III)] toxicity by altering its sorption equilibrium at the cell wall interface. A better understanding of such mechanism is of great importance to assess As(III) ecotoxicity in aquatic systems. Batch experiments were conducted to study the effects of DOM on the regulation of As(III) sorption and toxicity in the diatom Navicula sp. The influence of humic acid (HA) on As(III) toxicity was assessed by measuring algal growth, chlorophyll a, and reactive oxygen species (ROS), whereas As(III) mobility across the cell wall was estimated by determining the concentration of intracellular, cell-wall-bound, and free As(III) ions in cell media. Results showed that the effects of HA on arsenite toxicity varied depending on various combinations of As(III)-HA concentrations. EC₅₀ had an approximate threefold increase from 8.32 (HA-free control) to 22.39 μM (at 20 mg L^?1 HA) when Navicula sp. was exposed to 1.0–100.0 μM of As(III), compared to an overall low complexation ratio of HA-As(III) in a range of 0.91–6.00 %. The cell wall-bound and intracellular arsenic content decreased by 19.8 and 20.3 %, respectively, despite the lower arsenite complexation (2.10?±?0.16 % of the total As). Meanwhile, intracellular ROS was decreased by 12.6 % in response to 10.0 μM As(III) and 10 mg L^?1 HA vs. the HA-free control. The significant contrast indicated that complexation alone could not explain the HA-induced reduction in arsenite toxicity and other factors including HA–cell surface interactions may come into play. Isotherms describing adsorption of HA to the Navicula sp. cells combined with morphological data by scanning electron microscopy revealed a protective HA floccule coating on the cell walls. Additional Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic data suggested the involvement of carboxylic groups during the adsorption of both HA and As(III) on the Navicula sp. cell surface. Collective data from this study suggest that cell wall-bound HA can moderate As(III) toxicity through the formation of a protective floccule coating occupying As(III) sorption sites and decreased effective functional groups capable of binding As(III). Our findings imply that As(III) toxicity can be alleviated due to the increased hindrance to cellular internalization of As(III) in the presence of naturally abundant DOM in water.     

水体生态系统对不同浓度水平苯酚污染的急性毒性响应

针对浙江某地苯酚泄漏事件,结合实地监测和实验室研究,探索苯酚的水体污染化学行为对水体生态系统的影响和急性毒性效应.本研究选取水生生态系统中明亮发光杆菌T3、优势藻四尾栅藻Scenedesmus quadricauda以及模式鱼斑马鱼Brachydanio rerio为研究对象,探索水体中生产者、消费者及分解者等整个生态系统对不同苯酚浓度胁迫下的生态响应.结果表明,水生生物对苯酚污染浓度的生态响应差异显著,虽然苯酚对发光细菌、四尾栅藻及鱼体都具有一定的毒性影响,但四尾栅藻抑制率与苯酚浓度之间并没有良好的线性关系.发光细菌的相对发光率与苯酚浓度的关系表明,0.2—25 mg.L-1苯酚浓度对水体会产生低毒作用,而30—100 mg.L-1苯酚浓度对水体会产生中毒作用.苯酚对四尾栅藻的影响主要表现为光合作用的暗反应破坏,高浓度苯酚处理组中四尾栅藻会将残余苯酚浓度作为自身碳源而短暂地促进其生长.斑马鱼在苯酚浓度高于15 mg.L-1时,会发生体重下降、死亡率上升、呼吸急促、游动迅速以及导致水质变坏等现象,并且在100 mg.L-1苯酚浓度处理下,鱼体内富集大量苯酚,通过食物链进而对人类健康产生影响.     

酞酸酯DMP、DEP和DBP对明亮发光杆菌的毒性研究

酞酸酯（PAEs, phthalate acid esters）是目前最普遍的有机污染物之一,一定剂量的酞酸酯会产生生殖和发育毒性等健康危害。以明亮发光杆菌（Photobacterium phosphoreum T3）为受试生物,评价了甲醇和3种PAEs [dimethyl phthalate (DMP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), dibutyl phthalate (DBP)]对其剂量—效应关系,以期为酞酸酯暴露风险评价提供一定理论依据。结果表明,采用Logit和Weibull非线性函数（全浓度区间）分别对甲醇和3种PAEs的浓度—效应曲线进行拟合,效果均优于线性函数（局部浓度区间）拟合。其中,甲醇的线性与Logit函数拟合r2分别为0.9592和0.9863,两者EC50分别为1.185和1.044 mol·L-1,结果相近。数据结果表明,采用明亮发光杆菌测试PAEs急性毒性时,以甲醇为助溶剂（浓度<0.247 mol·L-1,毒性效应可忽略）是可行的。在一定浓度范围内,首次以甲醇为助溶剂,以DMP?DEP和DBP 3种PAEs对明亮发光杆菌进行毒性测试。线性拟合DMP?DEP和DBP对明亮发光杆菌的浓度-效应曲线,拟合r2分别为0.9262、0.9214、0.9339,其EC50分别为2.64E-04、2.79E-04和1.14E-05 mol·L-1。与此同时,3组PAEs毒性数据均能以Weibull函数进行非线性拟合, r2分别为0.9749?0.9742和0.9648,效果良好,其EC50分别为1.49E-04、2.72E-04和9.00E-06 mol·L-1。两种拟合结果表明, Weibull 函数非线性拟合效果更优,半致死浓度 EC50结果相近。由上述结果可知,以甲醇为助溶剂时,DMP?DEP 和 DBP分别在6.14E-9~6.14E-3、5.04E-5~2.52E-3和3.76E-9~3.76E-5 mol·L-1浓度范围内,3种PAEs对明亮发光杆菌的急性毒性强弱为DBP>DMP>DEP。在上述浓度范围内,DMP、DEP和DBP对明亮发光杆菌的抑制率分别为96.87%、95.24%和88.35%。     

背包中短链氯化石蜡污染特征分析及其健康风险评价

短链氯化石蜡(SCCPs)是一类含碳原子数为10-13的正构烷烃氯化衍生物,也是一类具有持久性、长距离迁移性、生物蓄积性和生物毒性的物质,对生态环境和人类健康安全存在潜在的风险.为了解市售背包中SCCPs的污染特征及健康风险,本文采用气相色谱-质谱联用法(GC-MS)测定29种常见品牌背包中SCCPs的含量,并采用健康...     

Rescue effects of Se-enriched rice on physiological and biochemical characteristics in cadmium poisoning mice

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Cadmium (Cd) is an element injurious for human health and is possibly toxic to organisms at minor concentrations. While some of other trace metallic...