Concentrations and chemical compositions of PM10 during hazy and non-hazy days in Beijing

In order to study the concentrations of major components,characteristics and comparison in hazy and non-hazy days of PM_(10) in Beijing,aerosol samples were collected at urban site in Beijing from December 29,2014 to January 22,2015.Heavy metals like Zn,Pb,Mn,Cu,As,V,Cr and Cd were deeply studied considering their toxic effects on human being;nine water-soluble inorganic ions(SO_4~(2-),NO_3~-,NH_4~+,Na~+,K~+,Cl~-,Ca~(2+) and Mg~(2+)) and carbon fractions(OC and EC) were also analyzed.The concentrations of heavy metals were 1.03–1.98 times higher in hazy days than those in non-hazy days,mainly due to biomass burning and coal burning.The trends in total heavy metals concentrations were basically consistent with the trends in PM concentrations except for two obvious periods(12.29–12.30;1.14–1.15);but when air masses accumulated locally or around Beijing,trends in PM concentrations and heavy metals were opposite.The proportion for NO_3~-/SO_4~(2-) indicated that mobile sources such as automobiles were important reasons for haze in Beijing.Correlation between OC and EC during non-hazy days was strong(R~2= 0.95) but it was low(R~2= 0.67) during hazy days,and large variations for OC/EC values occurred in hazy days.The calculated mass concentration of SOC is 2.58 μg/m~3,which only accounted for 10.1% of the OC concentration.When air masses from the far north-west,they decreased PM concentration in Beijing and they were relatively clean;however,those from the near east,south-east and south of the mainland increased PM concentration and they were dirty.     

北京大气颗粒物碳质组分粒径分布的季节变化特征

为了解有机碳(OC)和元素碳(EC)在北京大气颗粒物中的季节变化、粒径分布和来源,于2010年3月—2011年2月采用惯性撞击分级采样器采集大气颗粒物样品,热光碳分析仪测定其中有机碳和元素碳质量浓度.结果表明,OC在粗细粒子中含量相当,EC主要存在于细粒子中,在<2.1μm颗粒物中分别占(52±11)%和(70±22)%.OC存在明显的季节变化,冬、夏季高于春、秋季,而EC则表现为冬、秋季大于春、夏季.OC和EC粒径分布呈"双峰型",细粒子段峰值分别位于0.43—1.1μm和0.43—0.65μm,粗粒子段峰值均位于4.7—5.8μm.四季峰值对应的粒径段、峰宽和峰高存在差异.OC与EC粒径分布和相关性的季节变化表明,冬季OC与EC的主要来源为燃煤排放,夏季EC的主要来源为机动车尾气.     

北京夏末秋初大气细粒子中水溶性盐连续在线观测研究

利用大气细颗粒物快速捕集分析系统和微量天平方法实时、在线分析了北京夏末秋初PM2.5中水溶性无机盐和PM2.5质量浓度的变化,并结合气象资料和部分前体物SO2、NOx监测数据进行了相关分析.结果表明,北京夏末秋初空气质量良好时,PM2.5日平均浓度为61,0±30.6μg·m-3,其中水溶性无机盐占PM2.5的40%～56%,(亚)硝酸盐、硫酸盐、铵盐是水溶性无机盐中的主要成分,占所测水溶性组分的80%以上.SO2向硫酸盐的转化率高于NOx向(亚)硝酸盐的转化率.亚硝酸盐浓度受气象要素和大气化学过程影响,白天亚硝酸盐有向硝酸盐转化的趋势.     

纳滤膜技术在地下水除砷应用中的研究进展

砷污染突发事件的频发严重威胁着地下水饮用水水源的水质安全，加之饮用水控制标准的提高，就对饮用水除砷技术提出了更高的要求，而纳滤(NF)膜分离技术为饮用水除砷提供了新的思路。首先概述了地下水中砷的存在形态、化学性质以及我国高砷地下水地区分布，然后分析了NF膜特点、除砷机理与性能，系统地阐述了各种因素包括膜操作因素（操作压力、膜回收率、膜排布方式等）和原水水质因素（pH、水温、共存离子、共存有机物及砷浓度与砷价态等），对NF膜除砷性能的影响。此外，对NF除砷的关键问题，如原水预处理、膜浓水处理、膜污染及其清洗等，也作了探讨。最后，总结了目前NF除砷应用中所面临的问题，探索性提出了NF膜技术在除砷应用中的研究方向。     

长白山PM2.5中水溶性无机离子观测研究

2005年12月-2006年11月在长白山北坡海拔763 m处,利用大流量滤膜采样器对大气中的PM2.5进行采样,并用离子色谱(IC)分析了PM2.5中水溶性无机离子的成分含量.结果表明,PM2.5中总水溶性无机离子年平均浓度为(7.4±5.7)μg·m-3.其中,主要的3种离子SO2-4、NH+4和NO-3占PM2....     

A novel preparation process of straw-based iron material for enhanced persulfate activation of reactive black 5 degradation

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - In this study, a new straw-iron composite material (ST@Fe) was synthesized through impregnation and freeze-drying process for persulfate (PS)...     

磷酸三丁酯(TBP)对苯酚的络合萃取

基于可逆络合反应的萃取分离方法对极性有机物稀溶液具有高效性和高选择性.本文系统进行了磷酸三丁酯(TBP)对苯酚稀溶液的络合萃取的实验研.负载有机相的红外谱图分析表明,TBP与苯酚通过氢键缔合形成萃合物.以TBP-煤油为萃取剂对工业含酚废水进行了萃取平衡和错流萃取实验.讨论了其应用的可能性及开发新的有效的络合萃取剂的途径.     

Evaluating the size distribution characteristics and sources of atmospheric trace elements at two mountain sites: comparison of the clean and polluted regions in China

Size-resolved trace metal concentrations at two background sites were assessed during a 1-year observation campaign, with the measurements performed in parallel at two mountain sites, where Mt. Dinghu (DHS) located in the rural region of Pearl River Delta (PRD) and Mt. Gongga (GGS) located in the Tibetan Plateau region. In total, 15 selected trace elements (Mg, Al, K, V, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, As, Mo, Ag, Cd, Ba, Tl, and Pb) in aerosol samples were determined using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICPMS). The major metals in these two mountain sites were Fe, K, Mg, and Ca with concentrations ranging between 241 and 1452 ng/m³, 428 and 1351 ng/m³, 334 and 875 ng/m³, and 376 and 870 ng/m³, respectively, while the trace metals with the lowest concentrations were Mo, Ag, Cd, and Tl with concentrations lower than 4 ng/m³ in DHS and 2 ng/m³ in GGS. The pronounced seasonal variability in the trace elements was observed in DHS, with lower concentrations in spring and summer and relatively high in winter and autumn, whereas seasonal variance of trace elements is hardly observed in Mt. Gongga. The size distribution pattern of crustal elements of Al, Mg, K, Ba, and Fe was quite similar in DHS and GGS, which were mainly found in coarse particles peaked at 4.7–5.8 μm. In addition, V, Mo, Ag, and Tl were also concentrated in coarse particles, although the high enrichment factor (EF?>?100) of which suggested anthropogenic origin, whereas trace metals of Cd, Mn, Zn, As, Cu, and Pb concentrated in fine mode particles. Specifically, these trace metals peak at approximately 1.5 μm in DHS, while those in GGS peaked at diameter smaller than 0.3 μm, indicating the responsible for long-range transport from the far urban and industrialized areas. Multivariate receptor model combined with the enrichment factor results demonstrated that the trace elemental components at these two background sites were largely contributed from the fossil fuel combustion (55.4% in DHS and 44.0% in GGS) and industrial emissions factors (20.1% vs. 26.5%), which are associated with long distance transport from the coastal area of Southeast China and the Northwestern India, respectively, as suggested by the backward air mass trajectory analysis. Local sources from soil dust contributed a minor variance for trace elements in DHS (9.7%) and GGS (13.8%), respectively.

     

腐殖酸强化六氯苯还原脱氯的作用规律

为探索厌氧条件下腐殖酸(HA)对六氯苯(HCB)降解的影响,构建厌氧发酵体系,设置ρ(HA)分别为0 mg/L(HA₀)、40 mg/L(HA₄₀)、120 mg/L(HA₁₂₀)、160 mg/L(HA₁₆₀)及200 mg/L(HA₂₀₀)的5个处理,并利用总有机碳分析仪(TOC)和气相色谱-电子捕获检测器(GC-ECD)对体系中ρ(HA)及ρ(HCB)的动态变化进行测定.结果表明,发酵系统运行96 h后,HA₀、HA₄₀、HA₁₂₀、HA₁₆₀、HA₂₀₀处理中HCB降解率分别为10.4%、15.9%、20.7%、23.4%和22.1%,说明厌氧发酵系统中,HA可以促进HCB的降解,但是随着ρ(HA)的增加,消耗单位HA对HCB脱氯的强化效果逐渐降低.分析ρ(HA)变化规律发现,添加HA的四组发酵系统运行96 h后HA降解率分别为29.05%、17.27%、10.98%和8.68%,说明在HCB发生还原脱氯的过程中,HA自身也会发生降解,并且随着ρ(HA)的增加,体系中HA相对消耗量逐渐减少.利用Origin 8.0软件对体系中ρ(HA)与ρ(HCB)变化进行非线性拟合,二者具有正相关性,并且整个发酵过程中,0~24 h内HA对HCB降解效率影响作用明显大于24~96 h.研究显示,在厌氧条件下,HA能快速有效促进HCB的还原脱氯.      

北京冬季一次重污染过程PM2.5中水溶性无机盐的变化特征

为了解北京冬季重污染过程大气颗粒物化学特性,利用高时间分辨率实时在线细粒子快速捕集及化学成分分析系统(RCFP-IC)对2011年2月18—24日发生的一次重污染过程PM2.5中水溶性无机离子浓度变化进行了在线观测.结合颗粒物质量浓度、气态污染物浓度及气象资料,对此次污染过程中污染物的化学成分变化特征进行了详细分析.结果表明,此次北京冬季重污染4 d中颗粒物污染严重;总水溶性无机离子平均质量浓度151.31μg·m-3,占PM2.5相对比例54%,其中NO3-、SO24-和NH4+质量浓度占总水溶性无机离子质量浓度91%,二次离子污染非常严重;硝酸根氧化率(NOR)和硫酸根氧化率(SOR)结果显示NO3-与SO24-主要通过非均相反应生成,水溶性无机盐存在形态以NH4HSO4和(NH4)2SO4为主;重污染期K+和Cl-质量浓度显著升高,Mg2+和Ca2+质量浓度下降;阳、阴离子电荷比(C/A)重污染平均值为0.8,细粒子偏酸性.