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User behaviour, best practice and the risks of non-target exposure associated with anticoagulant rodenticide use 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Tosh DG Shore RF Jess S Withers A Bearhop S Ian Montgomery W McDonald RA 《Journal of environmental management》2011,92(6):1503-1508
Usage of anticoagulant rodenticides (ARs) is an integral component of modern agriculture and is essential for the control of commensal rodent populations. However, the extensive deployment of ARs has led to widespread exposure of a range of non-target predatory birds and mammals to some compounds, in particular the second-generation anticoagulant rodenticides (SGARs). As a result, there has been considerable effort placed into devising voluntary best practice guidelines that increase the efficacy of rodent control and reduce the risk of non-target exposure. Currently, there is limited published information on actual practice amongst users or implementation of best practice. We assessed the behaviour of a typical group of users using an on-farm questionnaire survey. Most baited for rodents every year using SGARs. Most respondents were apparently aware of the risks of non-target exposure and adhered to some of the best practice recommendations but total compliance was rare. Our questionnaire revealed that users of first generation anticoagulant rodenticides rarely protected or checked bait stations, and so took little effort to prevent primary exposure of non-targets. Users almost never searched for and removed poisoned carcasses and many baited for prolonged periods or permanently. These factors are all likely to enhance the likelihood of primary and secondary exposure of non-target species. 相似文献
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Trevor McIntyre Horst Bornemann Joachim Plötz Cheryl A. Tosh Marthán N. Bester 《Marine Biology》2011,158(9):2125-2139
The at-sea behaviour of marine top predators provides valuable insights into the distribution of prey species and strategies
used by predators to exploit patchily distributed resources. We describe the water column usage and dive strategies of female
southern elephant seals from Marion Island tracked between 2004 and 2008. Dives representing increases in forage effort were
identified using a method that combines dive type analyses and the calculation of relative amounts of time that animals spend
in the bottom phases of dives. Results from this analysis indicate that female elephant seals from Marion Island tend to display
lower levels of forage effort closer to the island and display intensive opportunistic forage bouts that occur at a minimum
distance of approximately 215 km from the island. Females from Marion Island dived deeper and for longer periods of time,
compared to females from other populations. Most animals displayed positive diel vertical migration, evidently foraging pelagically
on vertically migrating prey. A few animals displayed periods of reverse (negative) diel vertical migration, however, diving
to deeper depths at night, compared to daytime. This behaviour is difficult to explain and prey species targeted during such
periods unknown. Our results illustrate plasticity in foraging behaviour of southern elephant seals, as well as inter-population
differences in forage strategies. 相似文献
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Tosh JE Senior E Smith JE Watson-Craik IA 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》1994,83(3):335-340
Vertically migrating landfill gases pose inimical challenges to site revegetation strategies. Laboratory studies were made to examine the efficacy of ectomycorrhizae and soil cover to obviate the challenges of ethylene and methane. In the presence of ethylene concentrations = 640 ppm the mean colony radial extension rates of the fungal isolates Laccaria proxima, Paxillus involutus and Hebeloma crustuliniforme were comparable with the non-ethylene controls. H. crustuliniforme afforded no protection to Betula pendula (Silver Birch) seedlings. Methane removal by the soil cover may be important to minimise the indirect phytotoxic effects of methane on tree seedlings. In closed culture enrichments with refuse as inoculum source material methanogenesis consistently exceeded methanotrophy even after major oxygen perturbations. With subsoil and topsoil, however, net methane concentrations decreased, thus emphasising the importance of these cover materials in site restoration strategies. 相似文献
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The confusion effect describes the observed decrease in the likelihood that a predator will successfully catch any prey when
attacking larger groups of moving prey. We introduce readers to the work of cognitive psychologists interested in human visual
attention who have been studying their own version of the confusion effect for many years, developing methods and concepts
that may be of fundamental utility to behavioral ecologists. In psychology, ‘basic features’ are characteristics unique to
a target object in the visual field that no distracter objects share. Images containing targets with basic features are often
less likely to induce the confusion effect in human subjects. Target objects with conjunctions of features, on the other hand,
have no individual characteristics unique from distracters, but unique characteristics in combination. Such targets more often induce the confusion effect in humans. We propose the ‘basic feature’ (vs. conjunctions of features)
as a new organizing concept for studies on the occurrence of the confusion effect in nature, potentially allowing predictions
about which types of prey groups are likely to induce the confusion effect in predators. 相似文献
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Tosh DG McDonald RA Bearhop S Lllewellyn NR Fee S Sharp EA Barnett EA Shore RF 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2011,159(10):3106-3112
Ireland has a restricted small mammal prey guild but still includes species most likely to consume anticoagulant rodenticide (AR) baits. This may enhance secondary exposure of predators to ARs. We compared liver AR residues in foxes (Vulpes vulpes) in Northern Ireland (NI) with those in foxes from Great Britain which has a more diverse prey guild but similar agricultural use of ARs. Liver ARs were detected in 84% of NI foxes, more than in a comparable sample of foxes from Scotland and similar to that of suspected AR poisoned animals from England and Wales. High exposure in NI foxes is probably due to greater predation of commensal rodents and non-target species most likely to take AR baits, and may also partly reflect greater exposure to highly persistent brodifacoum and flocoumafen. High exposure is likely to enhance risk and Ireland may be a sentinel for potential effects on predator populations. 相似文献
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