接种功能内生细菌对蔬菜亚细胞菲积累的削减作用

蔬菜多环芳烃（PAHs）污染威胁人群健康.通过水培试验,研究了接种具有菲降解功能的植物内生细菌Diaphorobacter sp. Phe15对空心菜及其亚细胞组分中菲积累的影响,揭示了空心菜体内多酚氧化酶（PPO）和过氧化物酶（POD）的响应及其与PAHs积累的相关关系.Phe15可定殖在空心菜体内,不同部位菌株Phe15细胞数量表现为根表>根内>茎叶.接种菌株Phe15有效地降低空心菜及其亚细胞组分中菲含量,根部最高降低93.69%,叶部最高降50.26%,亚细胞水平上细胞液中降低最多.接种菌株Phe15提高了空心菜不同部位及其亚细胞组分中POD和PPO活性,且酶活性与菲含量之间呈负相关关系,表明这两种酶活性的提高可降低空心菜体内菲积累.研究结果从亚细胞层面揭示了功能内生细菌削减植物体内PAHs积累的作用规律及机制,为利用功能内生细菌削减作物PAHs污染风险、保障污染区农产品安全等提供了理论依据.     

Effects of organic acids on copper and cadmium desorption from contaminated soils

A study was conducted to investigate the effect of organic acids on Cd and Cu desorption from natural contaminated soils (NCS) with permanent contamination by metal smelters and from artificial contaminated soils (ACS) derived from an artificial amendment of Cd to three representative zonal soils in Central China. Results showed that the desorption of Cd in either NCS or ACS, with the increment of tartrate or citrate concentration in desorption solution, can be characterized as a valley-like curve. The presence of tartrate or citrate at a low concentration (< or =0.5 mmol/l) inhibited Cd desorption from these two types of soils, whereas the presence of organic acids at high concentrations (> or =2 mmol/l for citrate and about > or =15 mmol/l for tartrate) apparently promoted Cd desorption. The desorption curve of Cu by tartrate solution with different tartrate concentrations can also be characterized as a valley-like curve, while the desorption of Cu in the presence of citrate was directly enhanced with the increment of citrate concentration. With the enhancement of initial pH value from 2 to 8 in the presence of citrate, Cu desorption ratio decreased at the first stage, then increased, and then decreased again. A valley and a peak sequentially appeared in the Cd or Cu desorption curve with initial pH value increment. Compared with citrate, the desorption ratio of Cd or Cu from NCS or ACS was directly decreased in the presence of tartrate, with the enhancement of the pH value from 2 to 8. Cd or Cu desorption was clearly enhanced when the electrolyte concentration of KNO3 or KCl increased in the presence of 2 mmol/l tartrate. Moreover, a higher desorption ratio of Cd or Cu was shown with KCl electrolyte than with KNO3 electrolyte with the same concentration. Based on these observations, we suggest that bioavailabilities of heavy metal can be promoted with selected suitable types and concentrations of organic acid amendment and reasonable field condition.     

Uptake of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by Trifolium pretense L. from water in the presence of a nonionic surfactant

A greenhouse study examined plant uptake of phenanthrene and pyrene, as representatives of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), from an aqueous solution containing a nonionic surfactant Tween 80. The uptake was conducted with 1.0 mg l(-1) phenanthrene and 0.12 mg l(-1) pyrene under a wide range of Tween 80 concentrations (0-105.6 mg l(-1)). Tween 80 at the test concentrations did not show any apparent phytotoxity toward the growth of red clover (Trifolium pretense L.). At concentrations generally lower than 13.2 mg l(-1), Tween 80 enhanced the plant uptake based on the concentrations and PCFs (plant concentration factors) of these two PAHs. When present at higher concentrations, Tween 80 inhibited the uptake of both PAH compounds by the tested plant. The maximal plant uptake was observed at 6.6 mg l(-1) Tween 80, in which PAH concentrations and PCFs were 18-115% higher than those in Tween 80-free controls. The total mass removal (off-take) of phenanthrene and pyrene by root or shoot increased initially and decreased thereafter with the increase in Tween 80 concentrations. Although shoot biomass was evidently larger than root, the off-take was much higher in root than shoot because of the larger root concentrations of these chemicals. Results from this study show promises for the potential efficacy of enhanced phytoremediation in PAH contaminated sites using surfactant amendment.     

2014—2016年四川盆地重污染大气环流形势特征分析

利用2014—2016年四川盆地7个主要城市国家环境空气监测子站资料,结合2015—2016年MICAPS常规气象数据、NECP和ERA Interim再分析资料,统计分析四川盆地细颗粒物（PM_2.5）浓度时间分布特征及重污染期间的气象要素和环流背景.结果发现,2014—2016年四川盆地大气重污染主要发生在冬季,重污染日数分别为41、30和16 d,呈逐年降低的趋势.大气重污染期间,温度廓线出现多层逆温,逆温层大多出现在近地面925 hPa以下和700~600 hPa之间.四川盆地大气重污染主要对应两种环流形势,一种为500 hPa高空盛行西风气流,850 hPa高空等值线稀疏,另一种为四川盆地受到500 hPa高空槽后西北气流控制,地面为弱高压.以上两种环流形势下,四川盆地850 hPa高空附近气压梯度小,污染物不易扩散,导致重污染天气发生.本研究结论可为四川盆地大气重污染预报预警提供科学依据.     

平顶山市城市大气环境综合整治及大气污染物排放总量控制的实施

介绍了平顶山市实施排放大气污染物总量控制的目的、意义、程序与管理手段,以及总量控制的技术支持系统、监测及管理机构的建立。      

2013-2017年成都冬季空气质量状况改善评估

利用2013—2017年冬季成都市国家环境监测子站PM_(2.5)小时数据,结合MICAPS常规气象观测数据及ERA-interim再分析资料,对成都市2013—2017年冬季空气质量状况、气象条件及近10年大气扩散能力进行综合评估.结果发现,2013—2017年成都冬季12月末—1月初易发生持续性重污染事件,2015—2017年冬季持续性重污染事件总天数较2013—2014年有所减少,2013年冬季PM_(2.5)浓度值最高,达到(149.3±72.2)μg·m~(-3),2015年最低((80.7±44.1)μg·m~(-3)),5年内冬季PM_(2.5)浓度值呈波动下降趋势,下降率为9.65%,成都市冬季空气质量状况总体有所改善.2013—2017年成都冬季日降水量清除率表明,大于1 mm的降水对PM_(2.5)有明显清除作用,而弱风和低边界层(加权平均)对PM_(2.5)的累积效应显著,2013和2016年空气质量较差由于累积气象主控导致,2015年空气质量较优是由于清除气象主控.综合PM_(2.5)浓度、边界层高度、地面风速和降水等因子,使用2498个有效样本构建成都地区冬季空气停滞气象条件阈值经验公式,为地面风速小于2.2 m·s~(-1)、边界层高度小于520 m且无有效降水(日降水量1 mm).以2015年冬季大气扩散条件为基准,量化同等扩散条件下减排对PM_(2.5)的影响,结果显示减排有效,但近10年成都地区大气扩散能力有所下降,说明今后大气污染防控将面临更大的挑战.     

Polyphenol oxidase activity in subcellular fractions of tall fescue contaminated by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

Understanding enzyme responses to contamination with persistent organic pollutants (POPs) is a key step in the elucidation of POP metabolic mechanisms in plants. However, there is little information available on enzyme activity in subcellular fractions of POP-contaminated plants. To our knowledge, this is the first study to investigate the activities of polyphenol oxidase (PPO) in cell fractions of plants under contamination stress from polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) using a greenhouse batch technique. Three parameters, E(cell), E(cell-n), and P(cell), denoting the amount of PPO activity, cell fraction content-normalized PPO activity, and proportion of PPO activity in each cell fraction, respectively, were used in this study. Contamination with phenanthrene, as a representative PAH, at a relatively high level (>0.23 mg L?1) in culture solution generally stimulated PPO activity in tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) roots and shoots and their cellular fractions. The amount and distribution proportion of PPO activity in each cell fraction of phenanthrene-contaminated roots and shoots were (in descending order): cell solution > > cell wall > cell organelles. Cell solution was the dominant storage domain of PPO activity and contributed 84.0 and 82.8% of PPO activity in roots and shoots, respectively. The cell wall had the highest density of PPO activity in roots and shoots, based on the highest cell fraction content normalized PPO activity in this cell fraction. Our results provide new information on enzyme responses in plant intracellular fractions to xenobiotic POPs and fundamental information on within-plant POP metabolic mechanisms.     

Sorption of phenanthrene by soils contaminated with heavy metals

The fate of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soils with co-contaminants of heavy metals has yet to be elucidated. This study examined sorption of phenanthrene as a representative of PAHs by three soils contaminated with Pb, Zn or Cu. Phenanthrene sorption was clearly higher after the addition of heavy metals. The distribution coefficient (K(d)) and the organic carbon-normalized distribution coefficient (K(oc)) for phenanthrene sorption by soils spiked with Pb, Zn or Cu (0-1000 mg kg(-1)) were approximately 24% larger than those by unspiked ones, and the higher contents of heavy metals added into soils resulted in the larger K(d) and K(oc) values. The enhanced sorption of phenanthrene in the case of heavy metal-contaminated soils could be ascribed to the decreased dissolved organic matter (DOM) in solution and increased soil organic matter (SOM) as a consequence of DOM sorption onto soil solids. Concentrations of DOM in equilibrium solution for phenanthrene sorption were lower in the case of the heavy metal-spiked than unspiked soils. However, the decreased DOM in solution contributed little to the enhanced sorption of phenanthrene in the presence of metals. On the other hand, the sorbed DOM on soil solids after the addition of heavy metals in soils was found to be much more reactive and have far stronger capacity of phenanthrene uptake than the inherent SOM. The distribution coefficients of phenanthrene between water and the sorbed DOM on soil solids (K(ph/soc)) were about 2-3 magnitude larger than K(d) between water and inherent SOM, which may be the dominant mechanism of the enhanced sorption of phenanthrene by soils with the addition of heavy metals.     

泗河水体及污水厂出水中全氟烷基酸类化合物及其前体物空间分布特征

为探究河流水体和污水厂出水中全氟烷基酸(Perfluoroalkyl Acids,PFAAs)及其前体物的污染特征,采用羟基自由基氧化、WAX固相萃取分离富集、超高效液相色谱-质谱串联相结合的方法,以泗河水体及其附近污水厂出水为例,对上述不同水体中的PFAAs及其前体物的空间分布特征及前体物对水体污染的贡献进行了系统研究.结果表明,泗河水体和附近污水厂出水中PFAAs的总浓度(∑PFAAs)分别为3.87~40.84和55.59~110.91 ng·L~(-1),均值分别为24.92和88.04 ng·L~(-1);PFOS、PFHx S、PFOA、PFHx A和PFNA是浓度较高的污染物;污水厂出水中PFAAs的浓度明显高于泗河,泗河上游水体PFAAs的浓度低于下游.在对水样进行氧化处理后,泗河水体中碳原子数为4~12的全氟羧酸类化合物(Perfluorinated Carboxylic Acids,PFCAs)浓度增加值(∑Δ[PFCAC4-12])低于附近污水厂出水,但污水厂出水中前体物的转化率(Δ[PFCAs]/[PFCAs]氧化前)低于泗河水体,因此,污水处理过程中可能存在前体物的降解.