The inevitable release of engineered silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) into aquatic environments has drawn great concerns about its environmental toxicity and safety. Although aggregation and transformation play crucial roles in the transport and toxicity of AgNPs, how the water chemistry of environmental waters influences the aggregation and transformation of engineered AgNPs is still not well understood. In this study, the aggregation of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) coated AgNPs was investigated in eight typical environmental water samples (with different ionic strengths, hardness, and dissolved organic matter (DOM) concentrations) by using UV–visible spectroscopy and dynamic light scattering. Raman spectroscopy was applied to probe the interaction of DOM with the surface of AgNPs. Further, the photo-transformation and morphology changes of AgNPs in environmental waters were studied by UV–visible spectroscopy, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, and transmission electron microscopy. The results suggested that both electrolytes (especially Ca2 + and Mg2 +) and DOM in the surface waters are key parameters for AgNP aggregation, and sunlight could accelerate the morphology change, aggregation, and further sedimentation of AgNPs. This water chemistry controlled aggregation and photo-transformation should have significant environmental impacts on the transport and toxicity of AgNPs in the aquatic environments. 相似文献
Singlet oxygen (1O2) and hydroxyl radical (·OH) play an important role in the degradation of pollutants in surface waters. However, the mechanism underlying the photochemical generation of 1O2 and ·OH in wastewaters is poorly known. Here we studied the photo-induced generation of 1O2 and ·OH in different sewage treatment plant units. The correlation between the generation of 1O2 and ·OH and the water constituents was discussed. Our results show that in sewage units the 1O2 formation rate ranges from 2.19 × 10?8 to 6.74 × 10?8 mol L?1 s?1, and the ·OH formation rate ranges from 1.7 × 10?11 to 3.06 × 10?10 mol L?1 s?1. The average 1O2 formation rates in the various sewage units are similar to those in wetland and estuarine waters containing rich dissolved organic matter and 2–4 times higher than those in lake and seawater samples. The average ·OH formation rates of the sewage units are 5–50 times higher than for other water samples reported. The ·OH generation rate increased with the iron content with a correlation coefficient of 0.85, which indicates that the photo-Fenton reaction plays a dominant role in ·OH generation in sewage wastewater. 相似文献
A few studies have reported the occurrence of monoethylmercury (CH3CH2Hg+) in the natural environment, but further verification is needed due to the lack of direct evidence and/or uncertainty in analytical procedures. Various analytical techniques were employed to verify the occurrence of CH3CH2Hg+ in soil of the Florida Everglades. The identity of CH3CH2Hg+ in Everglades soil was clarified, for the first time, by GC/MS. The employment of the recently developed aqueous phenylation-purge-and-trap-GC coupled with ICPMS confirmed that the detected CH3CH2Hg+ was not a misidentification of CH3SHg+. Stable isotope-tracer experiments further indicated that the detected CH3CH2Hg+ indeed originated from Everglades soil and was not an analytical artifact. All these evidence clearly confirmed the occurrence of CH3CH2Hg+ in Everglades soil, presumably as a consequence of ethylation occurring in this wetland. The prevalence of CH3CH2Hg+ in Everglades soil suggests that ethylation could play an important role in the biogeochemical cycling of Hg. 相似文献
Lake Erhai is the second largest lake of Southwest China and an important drinking water source. The lake is currently defined as the preliminary stage of eutrophic states, but facing a serious threat with transfer into intensive eutrophication. The present study examined the dynamics of Microcystis blooms and toxic Microcystis in Lake Erhai during 2010, based on quantitative real-time PCR method using 16S rRNA gene specific for Microcystis and microcystin systhesis gene (mcy), and chemical analysis on microcystin (MC) concentrations. Total Microcystis cell abundance at 16 sampling sites were shown as an average of 1.7?×?107 cells l?1 (1.3?×?102–3.8?×?109 cells l?1). Microcystin LR (MC-LR) and microcystin RR (MC-RR) were the main variants. The strong southwesterly winds, anticlockwise circular flows and geographical characteristics of lake and phytoplankton community succession impacted the distribution patterns of Chl a and MC in the lake. The concentration of Chl a and MC and abundances of total Microsytis and MC-producing Microsystis (MCM) were shown to be positively correlated with pH, DO and TP, negatively correlated with SD, NO3-N, TN/Chl a and TN/TP, and not correlated with NH4-N, TN, dissolved total nitrogen (DTN) and water temperatures. When TN/TP decrease, Microcystis tended to dominate and MC concentrations tended to increase, suggesting that the “TN/TP rule” can be partially applied to explain the correlation between the cyanobacterial blooms and nutrients N and P only within a certain nutrient level. It is speculated that N and P nutrients and the associated genes (e.g., mcy) may jointly drive MC concentration and toxigenicity of Microcystis in Lake Erhai. 相似文献
Predicting the three-dimensional (3D) transport processes of reservoir temperature and pollutants is essential for water environmental protection and restoration, and introducing the lattice Boltzmann (LB) method into this prediction is necessary because of its simple algorithm, straightforward implementation of boundary conditions, and high computation efficiency. In this paper, a triple-distribution function (TDF) LB model for flow-temperature-concentration coupling simulations is introduced. Some essential techniques for implementing this method in 3D reservoirs are also described, including the treatment of water surface fluctuation, the consideration of surface heat exchange, and the hardware acceleration using the graphics processing unit (GPU). Two cases verified the proposed model, and then, the temporal-spatial variations of flow, temperature, and pollutants in the upper reservoir of a pumped-storage power station during both pumping and generating modes were analyzed to demonstrate its applicability. In the reservoir, the water forms several circulations, the cold water from the inlet flows as an undercurrent firstly, and then spread laterally, and the spreading of pollutants directly relates to the flow velocity. The results of flow, temperature, and concentration fields in different working conditions are consistent with model tests and physical laws, which shows good prospects of the proposed LB model.