Assessment of natural sepiolite on cadmium stabilization, microbial communities, and enzyme activities in acidic soil

A pot trial was conducted to assess the efficiency of sepiolite-induced cadmium (Cd) immobilization in ultisoils. Under Cd concentrations of 1.25, 2.5, and 5 mg?kg^?1, the available Cd in the soil after the application of 1–10 % sepiolite decreased by a maximum of 44.4, 23.0, and 17.0 %, respectively, compared with no sepiolite treatments. The increase in the values of soil enzyme activities and microbial number proved that a certain metabolic recovery occurred after sepiolite treatment. The dry biomass of spinach (Spinacia oleracea) increased with increasing sepiolite concentration in the soil. However, the concentration (dry weight) of Cd in the spinach shoots decreased with the increase in sepiolite dose, with maximum reduction of 92.2, 90.0, and 84.9 %, respectively, compared with that of unamended soils. Under a Cd level of 1.25 mg?kg^?1, the Cd concentration in the edible parts of spinach at 1 % sepiolite amendment was lower than 0.2 mg?kg^?1 fresh weight, the maximum permissible concentration (MPC) of Cd in vegetable. Even at higher Cd concentrations (2.5 and 5 mg?kg^?1), safe spinach was produced when the sepiolite treatment was up to 5 %. The results showed that sepiolite-assisted remediation could potentially succeed on a field scale by decreasing Cd entry into the food chain.     

Growth responses of the newly-discovered Cd-hyperaccumulator Rorippa globosa and its accumulation characteristics of Cd and As under joint stress of Cd and As

Rorippa globosa has been identified as a newly-found Cd-hyperaccumulating species. In the present study, growth responses of Rorippa globosa and its accumulation characteristics of Cd and As were examined under joint stress of Cd and As. The results showed that Cd and As had an antagonistic effect on enhancing the growth of Rorippa globosa plants and Cd uptake and accumulation under the low concentration Cd and As treatments. When the concentration of Cd in the soil was 10 mg/kg and the concentration of As was 50 mg/kg, the highest growing height of the plant was up to 35.9 cm and the dry weight of the shoots was up to 2.2 g/pot, respectively. Meanwhile, the accumulation of Cd in the leaves under the joint stress was higher than that at the same level under single Cd pollution. However, there were synergic adverse effects on plant growth and Cd uptake under the combined pollution from a high concentration of Cd and As. Meanwhile, the accumulation of As in the roots was greater than that in the shoots, the translocation factor (TF) was ?0.3 and the bioaccumulation factor (BF) was ?0.6, thus showing that Rorippa globosa had an excluding effect on As uptake. These results confirmed that Rorippa globosa had a strong tolerant ability to the joint stress of Cd and As, and the potential for phytoremediation of soils contaminated by Cd and As.     

Effects of sepiolite on stabilization remediation of heavy metal-contaminated soil and its ecological evaluation

Stabilization in the remediation of heavy metal contaminated soils has been gaining prominence because of its cost-effectiveness and rapid implementation. In this study, microbial properties such as microbial community and enzyme activities, chemical properties such as soil pH and metal fraction, and heavy metal accumulation in spinach (Spinacia oleracea) were considered in assessing stabilization remediation effectiveness using sepiolite. Results showed that soil pH values increased with rising sepiolite concentration. Sequential extraction results indicated that the addition of sepiolite converted significant amounts of exchangeable fraction of Cd and Pb into residual form. Treatments of sepiolite were observed to reduce Cd and Pb translocation from the soil to the roots and shoots of spinach. Concentrations of Cd and Pb exhibited 12.6%–51.0% and 11.5%–46.0% reduction for the roots, respectively, and 0.9%–46.2% and 43.0%–65.8% reduction for the shoots, respectively, compared with the control group. Increase in fungi and actinomycete counts, as well as in catalase activities, indicated that soil metabolic recovery occurred after sepiolite treatments.     

Identification of pakchoi cultivars with low cadmium accumulation and soil factors that affect their cadmium uptake and translocation

The selection and use of low-Cd-accumulating cultivar （LCAC） has been proposed as one of the promising approaches in minimizing the entry of Cd in the human food chain. This study suggests a screening criterion of LCACs focusing on food safety. Pot culture and plot experiments were conducted to screen out LCACs from 35 pakchoi cultivars and to identify the crucial soil factors that affect Cd accumulation in LCACs. Results of the pot culture experiment showed that shoot Cd concentrations under the three Cd treatments significantly varied across cultivars. Two cultivars, Hualv 2 and Huajun 2, were identified as LCACs because their shoot Cd concentrations were lower than 0.2 mg. kg-1 under low Cd treatment and high Cd exposure did not affect the biomass of their shoots. The plot experiment further confirmed the consistency and genotypic stability of the low-Cd- accumulating traits of the two LCACs under various soil conditions. Results also showed that soil phosphorus availability was the most important soil factor in the Cd accumulation of pakchoi, which related negatively not only to Cd uptake by root but also to Cd translocation from root to shoot. The total Cd accumulation and translocation rates were lower in the LCACs than in the high-Cd cultivar, suggesting that Cd accumulation in different cultivars is associated with the Cd uptake by root as well as translocation from root to shoot. This study proves the feasibility of the application of the LCAC strategy in pakchoi cultivation to cope with Cd contamination in agricultural soils.     

杀虫单在小白菜和土壤中的残留及消解动态研究

为了解杀虫单在小白菜和土壤中的残留消解动态及最终残留状况,研究了杀虫单在小白菜和土壤中的气相色谱检测方法,并在天津、江苏两地开展了20%阿维菌素.杀虫单可湿性粉剂在小白菜和土壤中的残留消解动态和最终残留田间试验研究.结果表明,在0.02—1 mg.kg-1添加水平范围内,通过外标法定量,获得杀虫单在小白菜和土壤中的平均...     

牛骨粉对Cd污染土壤修复效应和土壤肥力的影响

通过一年静态培养试验,研究了牛骨粉对碱性和酸性Cd污染土壤钝化修复效应及土壤基本理化性质、肥力和酶活性的影响.结果表明,与对照相比,投加牛骨粉后碱性土壤有机质和含水率分别降低了5.4%～14.3%和0.29%～3.04%,而土壤阳离子交换量(CEC)增加了10.8%～18.9%;在酸性土壤中,添加牛骨粉后土壤pH、有机质和CEC分别较对照增加了0.70～1.42、0.4%～6.7%和1.1%～3.4%,含水率则下降了0.75%～2.58%.两种土壤有机碳红外光谱特征峰相似,图谱形状基本一致,但强度存在不同程度的差异.施用牛骨粉后土壤总氮、总磷和全钾含量均有所提高,其中,碱性土壤最大分别增加了39.8%、345.2%和3.4%,酸性土壤最大分别增加了61.0%、612.9%和5.1%.铵态氮、硝态氮、有效磷、速效钾含量均随牛骨粉施加量的增加而增加.土壤中TCLP(toxicity characteristic leaching procedure)提取态Cd含量随牛骨粉投加量增加而降低,与对照相比,酸性和碱性土壤分别减少了38.9%～71.9%和8.6%～18.2%.施加牛骨粉整体上促进了土壤过氧化氢酶、过氧化物酶和尿酶活性(仅碱性土壤脲酶活性受到抑制).在碱性土壤中,土壤有效态Cd含量与pH、有机质、含水率、有效磷和速效钾呈显著正相关(p0.01),而与阳离子交换量、全氮、全磷、过氧化氢酶表现为显著负相关(p0.01).在酸性土壤中,土壤有效态Cd含量与pH、有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾、有效磷、速效钾、过氧化氢酶、过氧化物酶呈显著负相关(p0.01),而与含水率呈显著正相关(p0.01).综合评价表明,采用牛骨粉原位钝化修复Cd污染土壤有效可行.     

改性生物炭对弱碱性Cd污染土壤钝化修复效应和土壤环境质量的影响

通过大田示范试验,研究了钙基改性生物炭对弱碱性Cd污染土壤的钝化修复效应及对土壤理化性质、团聚体结构、土壤酶活性和玉米体内Cd累积特征的影响.结果表明,向弱碱性土壤中添加改性生物炭提高了土壤pH值、有效态阳离子交换量和有机质含量.与对照相比,添加钙基改性生物炭后土壤有效态Cd（DTPA-Cd）含量的降幅达到12.0%~30.2%,且Cd赋存形态由活性较高的可交换态和可还原态向更稳定的残渣态转变.改性生物炭的施加明显降低了Cd在植物体内富集的风险,玉米根、茎、叶和籽粒中Cd含量明显受到抑制,3种玉米品种籽粒中Cd含量较对照分别下降了52.65%~72.56%（郑单958）、37.54%~50.80%（蠡玉16）和23.60%~51.20%（三北218）.添加改性生物炭在一定程度上改善了土壤环境质量,土壤过氧化氢酶、脲酶和碱性磷酸酶活性随着改性生物炭施加量的增加呈逐渐升高的趋势.改性生物炭处理下,5~8 mm和2~5 mm粒级团聚体所占比例增加,而≤ 0.25 mm粒级团聚体占比有所下降,团聚体平均几何直径（GMD）和平均质量直径（MWD）分别增加了10.35%~29.34%和13.20%~27.03%,显示土壤团聚体稳定性增加.玉米籽粒中（郑单958）Cd含量与土壤有效态Cd含量呈显著负相关关系（p<0.01）.研究表明,钙基改性生物炭在钝化修复弱碱性Cd污染土壤和改善土壤环境质量方面具有一定的研究前景和可行性.     

Tolerance, uptake and removal of nitrobenzene by a newly-found remediation species Mirabilis jalapa L

The growth, photosynthesis rate, and ultrastructure of Mirabilis jalapa L. as a newly-found remediation species under stress of nitrobenzene (NB) and its uptake and removal of NB by the plants were investigated. The results showed that M. jalapa plants could endure contaminated soils by lower than 10.0 mg NB kg⁻¹ because there was no decrease in the total length of the plant roots, the maximum length of the hypocotyle, the length of the first seminal root, the height of the shoots and the dry biomass of the seedlings as well as the photosynthesis rate of the plants compared with those in the control. In particular, the growth of the plants could be significantly (P < 0.01) enhanced by 0.1 mg NB kg⁻¹ under unautoclaved and autoclaved soils. Ultrastructural observations on leaf cells of the plants found that these cells had smooth, clean and continuous cell membranes and cell walls, indicating that there was no obvious damage by NB in comparison with those in the control. Although the absorption of NB in shoots and roots of M. jalapa was weak, plant-promoted biodegradation of NB was considerable and the dominant contribution in the removal of NB from contaminated soils, suggesting the feasibility of M. jalapa applied to phytoremediation of NB contaminated soils.     

水稻土对磷的吸持能力及环境风险研究

以湖南Cd污染区水稻土为供试土壤,研究了土壤活性Al(Al_(ox))、活性Fe(Fe_(ox))、磷吸持指数(PSI)、吸持饱和度(DPSS)和释放风险指数(ERI)及其相关性关系.结果表明:供试水稻土中Al_(ox)和Fe_(ox)含量变异性较大,分别为55.67~1495.90 mg·kg~(-1)和1.50~13.63 g·kg~(-1),但有效磷含量变化幅度不大.水稻土吸持磷能力较弱,全部样品中PSI均低于30,但水稻土磷的吸持饱和度较低,85%的土壤样品DPSS低于磷淋失临界值(15%),且磷释放失风险(ERI)较小.水稻土中Al_(ox)含量和Fe_(ox)含量与PSI存在显著正相关关系(p0.05),而与DPSS之间表现为显著负相关关系(p0.01),DPSS和PSI呈现为显著负相关关系(p0.01).     

也门Reema-1井硫化氢风险预测与控制

介绍了Reema-1探井的地层预测结果,为确保勘探阶段的安全,结合邻井的硫化氢显示情况,依据硫化氢产生机理,对Reema-1可能存在的硫化氢风险进行了预测,并提出了预防措施。