氯苯类还原性气氛下高温降解反应机理

氯苯类化合物(CBz)是生活垃圾热处置过程中存在的重要污染物,热解、气化技术能够有效降低热处置过程的CBz排放.为了探究其在热解、气化环境下的降解机理,以1,2,4-三氯苯(1,2,4-TrCBz)为研究对象,进行了1,2,4-TrCBz在中高温段(550-850℃)还原性气氛(H2,CO等)下的降解特性实验,同时通过量子化学计算,利用Gaussian 09W软件模拟了降解过程中可能存在的多条反应路径,并比较了各路径的竞争关系.结果 表明温度越高,1,2,4-TrCBz的降解效率越高.降解效率在750℃和850℃时,分别为14.07％和60.27％,1,2,4-TrCBz分子的C—Cl键解离能在370 kJ·mol-1左右,温度在650℃以下时,环境提供的热量不足以使C—Cl键断裂,H2降低了40 kJ.mol-1左右的C—Cl键断裂所需的能量,提高了降解反应速率.单独的CO不参与1,2,4-TrCBz的降解反应,实验降解特性与N2气氛相似.CO与H2共存时,在相同温度下,降解表现呈现H2＞H2+CO＞CO的规律,CO的存在提高了H2近20 kJ·mol-1的降解反应活化能,从而降低了反应速率.1,2,4-TrCBz的降解过程存在3条有效降解路径,反应更趋向于通过生成1,3-二氯苯(1,3-DCBz)的路径进行.     

Energy and exergy optimization of food waste pretreatment and incineration

With the aim of upgrading current food waste (FW) management strategy, a novel FW hydrothermal pretreatment and air-drying incineration system is proposed and optimized from an energy and exergy perspective. Parameters considered include the extracted steam quality, the final moisture content of dehydrated FW, and the reactor thermal efficiency. Results show that optimal working condition can be obtained when the temperature and pressure of extracted steam are 159 °C and 0.17 MPa, the final moisture content of dehydrated FW is 10%, and the reactor thermal efficiency is 90%. Under such circumstance, the optimal steam energy and exergy increments reach 194.92 and 324.50 kJ/kg-FW, respectively. The novel system is then applied under the local conditions of Hangzhou, China. Results show that approximately 2.7 or 11.6% (from energy or exergy analysis perspective) of electricity can be additionally generated from 1 ton of MSW if the proposed novel FW system is implemented. Besides, comparisons between energy and exergy analysis are also discussed.

     

Effects of elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration and temperature on the soil profile methane distribution and diffusion in rice–wheat rotation system

The aim of this experiment was to determine the impacts of climate change on soil profile concentrations and diffusion effluxes of methane in a rice–wheat annual rotation ecosystem in Southeastern China. We initiated a field experiment with four treatments: ambient conditions (CKs), CO₂ concentration elevated to ~ 500 μmol/mol (FACE), temperature elevated by ca. 2°C (T) and combined elevation of CO₂ concentration and temperature (FACE + T). A multilevel sampling probe was designed to collect the soil gas at four different depths, namely, 7 cm, 15 cm, 30 cm and 50 cm. Methane concentrations were higher during the rice season and decreased with depth, while lower during the wheat season and increased with depth. Compared to CK, mean methane concentration was increased by 42%, 57% and 71% under the FACE, FACE + T and T treatments, respectively, at the 7 cm depth during the rice season (p < 0.05). Mean methane diffusion effluxes to the 7 cm depth were positive in the rice season and negative in the wheat season, resulting in the paddy field being a source and weak sink, respectively. Moreover, mean methane diffusion effluxes in the rice season were 0.94, 1.19 and 1.42 mg C/(m²·hr) in the FACE, FACE + T and T treatments, respectively, being clearly higher than that in the CK. The results indicated that elevated atmospheric CO₂ concentration and temperature could significantly increase soil profile methane concentrations and their effluxes from a rice–wheat field annual rotation ecosystem (p < 0.05).     

怎样做一个合格的教师

要想成为一个合格的教师,必须具备教育行业基本的职业道德;必须尊重学生,理解学生,关心学生,平等地对待每一个学生,建立和谐的师生关系;必须注重教师仪表,加强教师修养,在学生中树立起自己的形象。     

二硫化碳作业工人高血压影响因素的研究

对80名接触二硫化碳的生产工人及78名对照组人员进行了血压及职业史、受教育背景、吸烟状态、饮酒状况、遗传背景(父、母亲高血压、心脑血管病患病史)、工作及生活中情感状态、饮食习惯等的测定与调查.结果显示,二硫化碳接触组高血压患病率显著性高于对照组高血压患病率(x2=9.56,P＜0.01);对研究人群高血压患病相关因素进行分析表明,接触CS2是引起高血压发生的主要危险因素,其它诸如受教育程度、压力感、遗传、吸烟、饮酒、食用水果等也与高血压的患病存在一定程度的相关.进一步对接触组研究对象进行高血压患病相关因素进行多因素分析表明,在接触组中,工作或生活中有压力感是高血压发生的一个危险因素,而每天食用水果则是高血压发生的抑制因素(保护性因子).研究结果提示,较长时间接触二硫化碳是导致血压升高的独立危险因素,工作及生活中情感状态、饮食习惯等是二硫化碳是导致高血压的重要影响因子.     

二硫化碳对作业工人心血管系统的影响

对80名接触二硫化碳的生产工人进行了血脂和心血管系统影响的调查.结果显示,接触组的收缩压和舒张压均值与对照组相比,均明显增高(收缩压t=4.15,P＜0.01;舒张压t=2.89,P＜0.01);心电图异常和高血压发生率两组相比,接触组亦明显高于对照组,差异有极显著性意义(心电图异常χ2=23.06,P＜0.01;高血压χ2=18.03,P＜0.01);但血脂(TC,TG,HDL-C,LDL-C)检查,两组相比,差别均无显著性意义(P均＞0.05).研究显示,较长时间接触二硫化碳对心血管系统可产生影响,表现为血压升高,心电功能异常.     

Effects of elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration and temperature on the soil profile methane distribution and diffusion in rice-wheat rotation system

The aim of this experiment was to determine the impacts of climate change on soil profile concentrations and diffusion effluxes of methane in a rice–wheat annual rotation ecosystem in Southeastern China. We initiated a field experiment with four treatments:ambient conditions(CKs), CO_2 concentration elevated to ~ 500 μmol/mol(FACE),temperature elevated by ca. 2°C(T) and combined elevation of CO_2 concentration and temperature(FACE + T). A multilevel sampling probe was designed to collect the soil gas at four different depths, namely, 7 cm, 15 cm, 30 cm and 50 cm. Methane concentrations were higher during the rice season and decreased with depth, while lower during the wheat season and increased with depth. Compared to CK, mean methane concentration was increased by 42%, 57% and 71% under the FACE, FACE + T and T treatments, respectively, at the 7 cm depth during the rice season(p 0.05). Mean methane diffusion effluxes to the 7 cm depth were positive in the rice season and negative in the wheat season, resulting in the paddy field being a source and weak sink, respectively. Moreover, mean methane diffusion effluxes in the rice season were 0.94, 1.19 and 1.42 mg C/(m~2·hr) in the FACE,FACE + T and T treatments, respectively, being clearly higher than that in the CK. The results indicated that elevated atmospheric CO_2 concentration and temperature could significantly increase soil profile methane concentrations and their effluxes from a rice–wheat field annual rotation ecosystem(p 0.05).     

Short-duration exposure of 3-µm polystyrene microplastics affected morphology and physiology of watermilfoil (sp. roraima)

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Microplastics are one of the most widely discussed environmental issues worldwide. Several studies have shown the effect of microplastic exposure on...