Adsorption characteristic of bensulfuron-methyl at variable added Pb^2＋ concentrations on paddy soils

The combined pollution of heavy metal Pb²⁺ and bensulfuron-methyl (BSM), originating from chemical herbicides, in agroecological environments has become commonplace in southern China. The adsorption of BSM on three paddy soils in the presence of Pb²⁺ was examined using high-performance liquid chromatograph (HPLC). Results indicated that adsorption of BSM could accurately be described by a Freundlich isotherm equation with correlation constant (R) > 0.98, irrespective of the presence of spiked Pb²⁺. Of the various factors influencing BSM sorption, soil pH appeared to be the most influential. The constant K_f of Freundlich isotherm equation tended to increase with increasing Pb²⁺ concentration in soil which indicated that the spiked of Pb²⁺ in paddy soils would promote the sorption of BSM. ΔG^θ of BSM in three paddy soils was less than 40 kJ/mol in all treatments, indicating the adsorption of BSM is mainly physical in nature. The elution of soil dissolved organic matter (DOM) enhanced the adsorption of BSM in paddy soils. The mechanisms involved in the promotion effects of the spiked Pb²⁺ on BSM adsorption might be the modified surface characteristics of paddy soil solids due to the soil acidification and the increase of soil organic matter concentration because of DOM binding.     

环境中铅的化学循环

本文论述了环境中铅的背景值、来源、污染、质量标准，化学循环包括沉淀溶解、络合解离和吸附解吸以及环境中铅的烷基化，为铅污染治理提供理论依据．     

磷肥对铅锌矿污染土壤中铅毒的修复作用

用连续提取法研究了不同磷肥对铅锌矿污染土壤中铅化学形态的影响、磷肥降低铅毒性的机理以及磷肥的有效使用条件.结果表明,3种磷肥都具有显著降低铅的各种非残渣形态含量的作用.磷肥用量在P/Pb摩尔比为7.0时已经足够修复土壤的铅毒,并且在该磷肥用量水平时,从非残渣形态铅总量的降低幅度上看,3种磷肥修复铅污染的效果顺序为：过磷酸钙（85%）、钙镁磷肥（83%）〉〉磷矿粉（16%）;把铅的形态与其生物有效性联系起来比较,3种磷肥修复铅污染效果顺序为：钙镁磷肥（94%）、过磷酸钙（92%）＞磷矿粉（61%）.磷肥具有原位修复铅污染土壤的潜能,其主要机理是通过磷肥中的磷与各种非残渣形态铅反应形成溶解度极小的磷（氯/羟基/氟）铅矿沉淀,从而降低铅的溶解性的结果,3种磷肥中以磷矿粉最为经济.     

湿地植物水蓼(Polygonum hydropiper L.)对镉的富集特征及生理响应

以人工湿地修复镉污染水体时,植物在镉离子的沉淀、吸收和积累等过程中起着关键作用,但当前报道的镉富集植物种类较少,湿地植物对镉胁迫的生长及生理响应缺乏系统研究,限制了湿地植物在镉污染水体修复中的应用。笔者以常见湿地植物水蓼(Polygonum hydropiper L.)为对象,设置了4个镉处理浓度(0、0.5、1和2 mg·L~(-1)),研究了水蓼对镉的富集特征以及生长和生理响应。水蓼根、茎和叶的镉含量(以干重计)随镉处理浓度的增加而升高,处理30 d时,在2 mg·L~(-1)处理下分别达到134、47和48 mg·kg~(-1)。处理30 d时,在1 mg·L~(-1)的镉处理下,水蓼的地上部及地下部富集系数和转运系数最高,地上部和地下部富集系数分别为45.6和111.7,转运系数为0.41。在处理15 d时,水蓼生物量、叶绿素含量和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性在2 mg·L~(-1)处理下显著降低。在处理30 d时,水蓼的总生物量在不同镉浓度下无显著差异,但丙二醛(MDA)含量、SOD和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性在0.5～2 mg·L~(-1)镉处理下均显著升高,叶绿素含量下降。这些结果表明,水蓼可以通过提高抗氧化酶活性等机理抵抗镉胁迫产生的氧化伤害,并且水蓼对镉的富集和转运系数较高,具有在镉污染水体修复中应用的潜力。     

重金属铜、锌、镉、铅复合污染对土壤环境微生物群落的影响

以铜锌冶炼厂附近的水稻土为例 ,研究了重金属复合污染对土壤微生物群落的影响 .结果表明 ,有效铜、锌、镉、铅与微生物生物量碳、微生物生物量氮、微生物商、微生物生物量氮 全氮均呈显著负相关 .重金属污染均能降低细菌、真菌和放线菌的数量 .用BIOLOG生态盘研究了重金属污染对微生物群落结构的影响 ,发现重金属污染明显影响了微生物群落结构 ,反映在典型变量 1(CV1)与重金属元素含量呈极显著正相关 ,因此认为典型变量 1是反映重金属污染程度的有效指标 .经逐步回归分析发现 ,有效铜是影响典型变量 1最主要的因素 .     

皇天畈试验场地下水的砷、铁污染及自净作用

研究了中国水稻研究所皇天畈试验场被砷、铁污染的地下深井水的自净作用。结果表明,其自净机制是地下深井水抽出地面后,由于体系的氧化还原势瞬时提高,Fe~(2+)氧化成Fe~(3+),As~(3+)氧化成As~(5+)。Fe~(3+)水解后,形成Fe(OH)_3,并聚合,水中的As~(5+)被氢氧化铁吸附后,形成共沉淀,沉降在底部。实验证明,若提高深井水的氧化势,则能加速自净的进程。     

Effects of hydroxyapatite addition on heavy metal volatility during tannery sludge incineration

The effectiveness of hydroxyapatite (HAP) on volatilization reducing of heavy metals during incineration of tannery sludge was investigated. The tannery sludge was treated through doped with different content of HAP, and then incinerated in the tube furnace at the temperature of 600 °C and 900 °C. The results showed that the volatilization rates decreased by 10.19 % for Pb, 10.17 % for Zn, 7.40 % for Cu and 5.33 % for Cr at 600 °C when the HAP content was raised to 20 %. At 900 °C, the volatilization rates of Pb, Cr and Cu decreased by about 40.0 %, 24.0 % and 9.0 %, respectively, while volatilization of Zn can be considered nearly unchanged at around 5 %. The heavy metals can be stabilized effectively in the incineration after the pyromorphite-like minerals were formed in the sludge doped with HAP.     

土壤轻组有机质

轻组有机质主要是由不同分解程度的植物残体和一些微生物结构体组成,它的改变可以用来指示土壤肥力的变化.本文综述了轻组的分离方法、轻组的组成、种植和施肥对轻组的影响、轻组在土壤团聚体和土壤剖面中的分布以及轻组的季节性变化.     

Effects of field application of phosphate fertilizers on the availability and uptake of lead, zinc and cadmium by cabbage (Brassica chinensis L.) in a mining tailing contaminated soil

A field trial was conducted to evaluate the reduction of bioavailability of heavy metals including lead (Pb), zinc (Zn) and cadmium (Cd) in a soil contaminated by mining tailings in Shaoxing, Zhejiang, China. Three commercial phosphate (P) fertilizers including phosphate rock (PR), calcium magnesium phosphate (CMP), and single superphosphate (SSP) were applied to the plot at three P application rates, 50, 300, and 500 g/m2 with 9 treatments and control (CK). Plants, water soluble and exchangeable (WE) extra...     

环境中氟化物的迁移和转化及其生态效应

本文对环境中氟化物的迁移和转化及其对人体、动物、植物的污染生态效应作一简要的综述,主要包括以下几方面：１．环境中氟化物的来源及其地球化学特征;２．土－水－气－食物链中氟化物的迁移和积累与地方性氟流行病;３．土－水－气中氟的迁移和积累与植物氟毒效应;４．土－水－气中氟的迁移和积累与蚕桑氟化物污染;５．环境中氟污染的防治对策。