黑麦草在模拟人工湿地中对奶牛场污水高浓度氮的吸收转化

以土壤为基质,黑麦草(Lolium multiflorm)为植被,通过模拟间歇性人工湿地净化系统处理不同质量浓度的奶牛场污水试验,研究黑麦草对高质量浓度畜牧场污水中氮的吸收转化效果.结果表明,黑麦草在间歇性进水的污水质量浓度高达TN(816.8±125.1) mg·L~(-1),NH_4~+-N(443.6±97.9) mg·L~(-1),NO_3~--N(141.5±51.7) mg·L~(-1)都能较好的适应,生长良好.在不同浓度处理的净化系统中,水力停留时间为8d的条件下,NH_4~+-N的去除率为75.9%～88.3%;NO_3~--N的去除率平均为69.3%;TN的去除率74.5%～83.1%.该试验黑麦草对污水中氮的吸收转化在系统对氮净化中的贡献率平均为20.03%.     

硫脲用量对菠菜生理指标及土壤氮素转化的影响

采用盆栽法,研究了硫脲不同用量(0%、1%、3%、5%、7%)对菠菜生长、硝酸盐累积、土壤氮含量及叶绿体色素含量的影响.结果表明,不同硫脲用量对菠菜的单盆重、株高均有提高.随硫脲用量的增加,菠菜叶绿体色素含量均有提高;硫脲能显著降低菠菜硝酸盐含量,随着硫脲用量的增加,降低效果提高,其中硫脲用量为7%时,降低效果达极显著水平.硫脲对土壤硝态氮累积的抑制作用随硫脲用量的增加而增强,硫脲用量达7%时,抑制作用表现为极显著.     

Leaching variations of heavy metals in chelator-assisted phytoextraction by Zea mays L. exposed to acid rainfall

Chelant-enhanced phytoextraction method has been put forward as an effective soil remediation method, whereas the heavy metal leaching could not be ignored. In this study, a cropping-leaching experiment, using soil columns, was applied to study the metal leaching variations during assisted phytoextraction of Cd- and Pb-polluted soils, using seedlings of Zea mays, applying three different chelators (EDTA, EDDS, and rhamnolipid), and artificial rainfall (acid rainfall or normal rainfall). It showed that artificial rainfall, especially artificial acid rain, after chelator application led to the increase of heavy metals in the leaching solution. EDTA increased both Cd and Pb concentrations in the leaching solution, obviously, whereas EDDS and rhamnolipid increased Cd concentration but not Pb. The amount of Cd and Pb decreased as the leaching solution increased, the patterns as well matched LRMs (linear regression models), with R-square (R ²) higher than 90 and 82% for Cd and Pb, respectively. The maximum cumulative Cd and Pb in the leaching solutions were 18.44 and 16.68%, respectively, which was amended by EDTA and acid rainwater (pH 4.5), and followed by EDDS (pH 4.5), EDDS (pH 6.5), rhamnolipid (0.5 g kg⁻¹ soil, pH 4.5), and rhamnolipid (pH 6.5).

     

New method for efficient control of hydrogen sulfide and methane in gravity sewers: Combination of NaOH and nitrite

• The combination of NaOH and nitrite was used to control harmful gas in sewers. • Hydrogen sulfide and methane in airspace were reduced by 96.01% and 91.49%. • Changes in sewage quality and greenhouse effect by chemical dosing were negligible. • The strong destructive effects on biofilm slowed down the recovery of harmful gases. • The cost of the method was only 3.92 × 10⁻³ $/m³. An innovative treatment method by the combination of NaOH and nitrite is proposed for controlling hydrogen sulfide and methane in gravity sewers and overcome the drawbacks of the conventional single chemical treatment. Four reactors simulating gravity sewers were set up to assess the effectiveness of the proposed method. Findings demonstrated hydrogen sulfide and methane reductions of about 96.01% and 91.49%, respectively, by the combined addition of NaOH and nitrite. The consumption of NaNO₂ decreased by 42.90%, and the consumption rate of NaOH also showed a downward trend. Compared with a single application of NaNO₂, the C/N ratio of wastewater was increased to about 0.61 mg COD/mg N. The greenhouse effect of intermediate N₂O and residual methane was about 48.80 gCO₂/m³, which is far lower than that of methane without control (260 gCO₂/m³). Biofilm was destroyed to prevent it from entering the sewage by the chemical additives, which reduced the biomass and inhibited the recovery of biofilm activity to prolong the control time. The sulfide production rate and sulfate reduction rate were reduced by 92.32% and 85.28%, respectively. Compared with conventional control methods, the cost of this new method was only 3.92 × 10⁻³ $/m³, which is potentially a cost-effective strategy for sulfide and methane control in gravity sewers.     

天目湖流域沟塘湿地脱氮速率的时空差异

湿地是陆地生态系统重要的脱氮热点,其对削减流域面源氮负荷具有重要意义. 为探究水库流域沟渠、池塘等湿地的脱氮速率及其影响因素,分别于2021年春季(3月)与夏季(6月)采集了天目湖沙河水库流域内典型土地利用类型下沟塘湿地的原状泥-水柱,利用同位素示踪技术进行室内流动培养,测定了不同沟塘湿地的反硝化速率和厌氧氨氧化速率. 结果表明:①各沟塘湿地沉积物均具有较高的脱氮速率,春季脱氮速率范围为10.59~107.65 μmol/(m2·h),平均值为70.73 μmol/(m2·h),夏季脱氮速率范围为32.07~150.10 μmol/(m2·h),平均值为112.36 μmol/(m2·h),春季果园排水沟渠的脱氮速率最高,夏季茶园退水池塘的脱氮速率最高. ②春季和夏季不同沟塘湿地厌氧氨氧化作用对脱氮的贡献率(简称“厌氧氨氧化贡献率”)平均值分别为45.45%、36.26%,其中生活污水排放池塘和茶园退水池塘的厌氧氨氧化贡献率在夏季分别下降26.82%、14.98%,春季和夏季果园排水沟渠和入湖口河流湿地的厌氧氨氧化贡献率变化不大,平均值分别为21.17%、48.99%. ③统计分析表明,水体溶解性无机氮(DIN)浓度和沉积物有机碳含量与沉积物脱氮速率均呈显著相关,且高温与低溶解氧浓度条件下也有利于脱氮作用的进行. 研究显示,水库流域沟塘湿地具有较好的脱氮能力,通过有效调控管理能够大大增加流域氮的截留能力,对水库水质保障具有重要作用.      

New insights into eutrophication management: Importance of temperature and water residence time

Eutrophication and harmful cyanobacterial blooms threaten water resources all over the world. There is a great controversy about controlling only phosphorus or controlling both nitrogen and phosphorus in the management of lake eutrophication. The primary argument against the dual nutrients control of eutrophication is that nitrogen fixation can compensate the nitrogen deficits. Thus, it is of great necessary to study the factors that can significantly affect the nitrogen fixation. Due to the dif...     

既有大型公共设施改造下紧邻深基坑开挖变形分析*

为探索深基坑开挖与紧邻大型公共设施改造的相互影响，确保施工安全，基于上海体育馆改造及新建地下体育综合体工程，采用有限元软件Plaxis对紧邻深基坑工程大型公共设施“卸载-加载”改造过程进行模拟，详细分析上海体育馆“卸载-加载”改造与紧邻综合体深基坑开挖同时进行对基坑本体及上海体育馆的安全影响，并在此基础上探讨紧邻深基坑工程大型公共设施改造最优工序。结果表明:在基坑开挖至第2道支撑时进行加载改造为最不利工况，且围护结构侧向位移将超过规范允许值，在施工中应严格避免；最优工序为完成第1道支撑后进行卸载改造，完成第2道支撑后进行加载改造。     

牧草轮作对奶牛场污水氮、磷的净化效果研究

以土壤为基质,选择象草（Pennisetum purpureum）和黑麦草（Lolium perenne）两种牧草作为植被模拟人工湿地净化系统,研究牧草全年轮作在间歇流人工湿地中对奶牛场高质量浓度污水的适应性及对污水氮、磷的净化效果。结果表明：象草、黑麦草在间歇性高质量浓度污水中生长良好,可作为畜牧场高质量浓度污水修复植物进行全年轮作,并适时的收割,去除污水中的氮、磷。在不同污水质量浓度处理的牧草净化系统中,水力停留时间为8 d的条件下,铵氮的去除率为75.9%~94.9%;硝态氮的去除率为65.4%~90.9%;总氮的去除率64.2%~90.1%;总磷的去除率在90%以上;象草和黑麦草对污水中氮、磷的吸收转化在系统对氮磷净化中的贡献率平均分别为氮25.12%和20.03%、磷31.20%和20.42%;各处理氮、磷的去除效果与污水的质量浓度呈负相关。     

生态浮床对千岛湖水体氮磷净化效果研究

为探索生态浮床对较清洁型湖水的氮磷去除效果,以华东地区最大深水水库千岛湖为例,选取浮叶植物黄花水龙(Jussiaea stipulacea Ohwi.)、沉水植物绿色狐尾藻(Myriophyllum aquaticum)、挺水植物菖蒲(Acorus calamus)为材料,采用氮磷浓度相对较高的库尾湖湾湖水进行生态浮床静态模拟试验,测定浮床植物生长及水体氮磷浓度变化,并利用膜接口质谱仪测定水体溶解性氮气(N₂)含量,研究浮床植物体内吸收、反硝化脱氮等综合脱氮除磷能力. 结果表明:①浮床植物的氮磷净化能力存在明显的季节性差异,春季浮床植物长势、氮磷去除效果、反硝化脱氮能力均高于秋季;②不同水生植物间的氮磷去除能力差异显著,试验水体中黄花水龙和绿色狐尾藻的总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)去除效率分别为2.22、0.07和2.89、0.08 mg/(kg·d),绿色狐尾藻体内吸收氮、磷最多,植物干质量的氮、磷含量分别为12.44~15.57和0.96~1.95 g/kg;③植物的生长大大增强了水体的反硝化脱氮能力,黄花水龙、绿色狐尾藻、菖蒲与空白对照组溶解性N₂差值（净脱氮差）分别为0.16~22.35、?4.14~24.63、?0.26~15.74 μmol/L,水生植物生物量是影响浮床系统反硝化作用的最关键因素. 研究显示,生态浮床是较清洁型湖水氮磷削减的一种可行技术,浮床植物组合方案设计应充分考虑不同植物的季节生长特性和反硝化脱氮能力.