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The acute salinity tolerance of three tropical freshwater cladoceran species, M. macleayi, C. rigaudii and D. brachyurum was determined. The existence of these species represented new records for Trinidad and Tobago, a tropical Caribbean island.
It has a large oil based industry, in which, the primary effluent (saline produced water) is discharged directly into many
freshwater systems. Cladoceran species are used routinely in temperate regions, to assess the impacts of chemicals and effluents
in freshwater systems. However, relatively few studies have assessed the salinity tolerance of these organisms. Test organisms
were assayed using seven salinity treatments (0, 1, 3, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25‰) prepared by volumetrically mixing natural filtered
seawater with dilution water. C. rigaudii had a 48 h LC50 of 1.6‰, M. macleayi 1.5‰ and D.
brachyurum <1‰. The CSmax (critical salinity maximum) for C. rigaudii and M. macleayi was 3‰ after 48 h, compared to 1‰ for D. brachyurum. There was no salinity value at which there was 100% survival. The resulting salinity response curve was a straight line
which indicated that each species was intolerant of salt. Consequently, any of these can be considered as a representative
freshwater organism for toxicity testing in Trinidad and Tobago. 相似文献
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The sensitivity of the tropical mysid, Metamysidopsis insularis relative to that of the sub-tropical North American mysid, Americamysis bahia was determined by comparing their acute toxicity to six toxicants. The 96 h LC50 values for M. insularis ranged from 0.03 mg L?1 (cadmium (Cd) chloride) to 466 mg L?1 (potassium chloride (KCL) whereas those for A. bahia ranged from 0.1 mg L?1 for Cd chloride to 501 mg L?1 for KCl. The interspecies correlation indicated that the mean acute toxicities for M. insularis showed a high positive correlation with A. bahia (r 2 = 1.0). Data suggest there were no significant differences between acute toxic responses of the two species to these toxicants. The results suggest that though M. insularis and A. bahia occur in different climatic zones, the difference in relative sensitivities of the two species due to temperature preferenda may be negligible. Consequently, M. insularis may be considered suitable tropical test species for use in toxicity testing in Trinidad and Tobago. 相似文献
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Sivasubramanian Rathinam KN Balan Ganesan Subbiah JB Sajin 《International Journal of Green Energy》2019,16(9):667-673
This work examines the effect of butanol (higher alcohol) on the emission pattern of neat neem oil biodiesel (NBD100) fueled diesel engine. Single-cylinder, 4-stroke, research diesel engine was employed to conduct the trial. Blends comprising the mixture of biodiesel and higher alcohol were prepared by employing an ultrasonic agitator. Four test fuels such as neat neem oil biodiesel, diesel, and two blends of higher alcohol/neem oil biodiesel: 10% and 20% (by volume). Experimental result showed that increasing alcohol content to biodiesel brought down the various emissions such as Smoke, NOx, HC, and CO by 6.8%, 10.4%, 8.6%, and 5.9%, respectively, at all loads. It was also concluded from the trail that a 20% higher alcohol/neem oil biodiesel blends show the promising signs in reducing all the emissions associated with biodiesel fuelled diesel engine. 相似文献
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