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用铬酸钡光度法、EDTA滴定法、间接原予吸收法、离子色谱法等方法测定SO4^2-检测上限都很低(12—200mg/L),且只适用于清洁水,若水样混浊则会引起较大的误差。有的地下水,SO4^2-浓度高迭44000mg/L,用BaCl2滴定法测定SO4^2-:测试水样,以溴酚蓝做酸碱指示剂,加1:50盐酸,调为pH=3.5,加入30ml异丙醇,以钍试荆做终点指示荆,滴加0.01mol/L BaCl2,砖红色为终点,根据BaCl2用量计算SO4^2-浓度。本方法快捷、准确、测定范围大,上限可迭2000mg/L,克服了光度法测定浑浊水样引起误差大的缺点。  相似文献   
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用BaCl2滴定法快速测定硫酸盐的研究   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
用铬酸钡光度法、EDTA滴定法、间接原子吸收法、离子色谱法等方法测定SO42-检测上限都很低(12-200mg/L),且只适用于清洁水,若水样混浊则全引起较大的误差.有的地下水,SO42-浓度高达44000mg/L,用BaCl2滴定法测定SO42-:测试水样,以溴酚蓝做酸碱指示剂,加1∶50盐酸,调为pH=3.5,加入30ml异丙醇,以钍试剂做终点指示剂,滴加0.01mol/L BaCl2,砖红色为终点,根据BaCl2用量计算SO42-浓度.本方法快捷、准确、测定范围大,上限可达2000mg/L,克服了光度法测定浑浊水样引起误差大的缺点.  相似文献   
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Abstract:  Systematic conservation assessment and conservation planning are two distinct fields of conservation science often confused as one and the same. Systematic conservation assessment is the technical, often computer-based, identification of priority areas for conservation. Conservation planning is composed of a systematic conservation assessment coupled with processes for development of an implementation strategy and stakeholder collaboration. The peer-reviewed conservation biology literature abounds with studies analyzing the performance of assessments (e.g., area-selection techniques). This information alone, however, can never deliver effective conservation action; it informs conservation planning. Examples of how to translate systematic assessment outputs into knowledge and then use them for "doing" conservation are rare. South Africa has received generous international and domestic funding for regional conservation planning since the mid-1990s. We reviewed eight South African conservation planning processes and identified key ingredients of best practice for undertaking systematic conservation assessments in a way that facilitates implementing conservation action. These key ingredients include the design of conservation planning processes, skills for conservation assessment teams, collaboration with stakeholders, and interpretation and mainstreaming of products (e.g., maps) for stakeholders. Social learning institutions are critical to the successful operationalization of assessments within broader conservation planning processes and should include not only conservation planners but also diverse interest groups, including rural landowners, politicians, and government employees.  相似文献   
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Metal ions form strong complexes with humic substances. When the metal ion is first complexed by humic material, it is bound in an 'exchangeable' mode. The metal ion in this fraction is strongly bound, however, if the metal-humic complex encounters a stronger binding site on a surface, then the metal ion may dissociate from the humic substance and be immobilised. However, over time, exchangeably-bound metal may transfer to a 'non-exchangeable' mode. Transfer into this mode and dissociation from it are slow, regardless of the strength of the competing sink, and so immobilisation may be hindered. A series of coupled chemical transport calculations has been performed to investigate the likely effects of non-exchangeable binding upon the transport of metal ions in the environment. The calculations show that metal in the non-exchangeable mode will have a significantly higher mobility than that in the exchangeable mode. The critical factor is the ratio of the non-exchangeable first-order dissociation rate constant and the residence time in the groundwater column, metal ion mobility increasing with decreasing rate constant. A second series of calculations has investigated the effect of the sorption to surfaces of humic/metal complexes on the transport of the non-exchangeably bound metal. It was found that such sorption may reduce mobility, depending upon the humic fraction to which the metal ion is bound. For the more weakly sorbing humic fractions, under ambient conditions (humic concentration etc.) the non-exchangeable fraction may still transport significantly. However, for the more strongly sorbed fractions, the non-exchangeable fraction has little effect upon mobility. In addition to direct retardation, sorption also increases the residence time of the non-exchangeable fraction, giving more time for dissociation and immobilisation. The non-exchangeable dissociation reaction, and the sorption reaction have been classified in terms of two Damkohler numbers, which can be used to determine the importance of chemical kinetics during transport calculations. These numbers have been used to develop a set of rules that determine when full chemical kinetic calculations are required for a reliable prediction, and when equilibrium may be assumed, or when the reactions are sufficiently slow that they may be ignored completely.  相似文献   
5.
International ground-water resources have not received their full share of legal investigation. This paper outlines some principles applicable to the development of international co-operation concerning this important resource, bearing in mind that ground and surface waters are the same resource. In the absence of positive international law covering ground-water resources, national laws are investigated to examine their suitability for adaptation to the international level. In a second paper, to be published in the next issue of the Forum , the interjurisdictional experience among federated states and among independent states will be reviewed.  相似文献   
6.
This is the second part of a paper outlining some principles applicable to the development of international law in the sub-sector of ground-water resources. In the first part of the paper, in the previous issue of the Forum , national ground-water laws were investigated to examine their suitability for adaptation at the international level. This part of the paper is devoted to reviewing the interjurisdictional experience among federated states and among independent states. It also draws the general conclusion of the entire paper.  相似文献   
7.
采用上海地区2007年1月~2010年11月CALIPSO星载激光雷达Level 2反演资料,对清洁海洋型、沙尘型、大陆污染型、大陆清洁型、污染沙尘型和烟尘型等类型气溶胶垂直分布进行了分析,研究了其季节变化规律.结果表明:霾发生时0~2km高度烟尘型气溶胶出现频率明显高于非霾时,而在2~8km高度,沙尘型、污染沙尘型与大陆污染型明显高于非霾时.0~2km高度春季霾大陆污染型气溶胶出现频率高于其他季节;0~2km夏季污染沙尘型气溶胶与海洋型气溶胶出现频率均高于其他季节,特别是污染沙尘型;秋季霾期间,0~2km高度范围内烟尘型出现频率明显高于2~6km高度;冬季污染沙尘型、烟尘、大陆污染型气溶胶出现频率高于其他季节.  相似文献   
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