低C/N比污水生物脱氮所需外加碳源量的确定

利用中试规模实验装置,探讨了现有活性污泥工艺改造成间歇曝气生物脱氮工艺的实践中,碳氮比(C/N)对废水生物脱氮效率、脱氮反应速度的影响,分析了脱氮容量,确定了所需外加碳源量.      

Decolourization, degradation and detoxification of textile dyes by Aspergillus species

Decolourization, degradation and detoxification of four textile dyes (Madonna Blue, Pagoda Red, Market Blue and Market Red) by four Aspergillus species was carried out. The decolourization/degradation ability of the isolates was analyzed on the fifth day using UV/Visible spectrophotometer and FTIR spectrophotometer, while detoxification of the dyes was determined using phytotoxicity test. At the initial concentration of 200 mg/L of the dyes, the percentage decolourization potential of the fungal isolates ranged between 80.89 and 86.26% for Madonna Blue, 71.38–84.76% for Market Red, 70.46–79.46% for Market Blue and 60.68–74.82% for Pagoda Red in decreasing order. Aspergillus fumigatus (8F) demonstrated consistently highest decolourization potential for all the dyes than other isolates. Decrease in percentage decolourization of the dyes was observed when the concentration of the dyes was increased gradually from 100 to 500 mg/L at 100 mg/L interval. Percentage decolourization of Pagoda Red reduced from 60.68 to 10.31%, 66.47 to 19.71%, and 74.82 to 26.19% with A. ustus (3D), A. fumigatus (3E) and A. fumigatus (8F) respectively. Degradation of the dyes moiety using FTIR spectrum showed loss of functional groups such as C=O, C=N, C=C and C–H stretch of benzene, with the formation of new functional groups such as N=O group, C≡C group and OH group of alcohol in the Madonna Blue and Pagoda Red samples treated with A. fumigatus (8F) when compared with untreated samples. Phytotoxicity study of the treated and untreated dye samples on maize germination showed the plumule and radicle length of positive control (water) to be 12.38 ± 1.20 and 5.62 ± 0.33 while untreated Madonna Blue was 6.68 ± 1.10 and 3.34 ± 0.92, A. fumigatus (3E) treated sample had 8.60 ± 0.59 and 4.32 ± 0.91 respectively. This study revealed the metabolic versatility of Aspergillus species to decolourize, degrade and detoxify textile dyes.     

Bioremediation of cutting fluids contaminated soil by Pleurotus tuber-regium Singer

This study investigated the effect of inoculation of Pleurotus tuber-regium, a Nigerian white rot fungus, period of incubation, different levels of contamination on cutting fluids degradation in contaminated soil over 30, 60, and 90 days. Control for different levels of cutting fluids was also used to compare rates of bioremediation of the contaminant in the soil. At the end of each incubation period, the mycelia-ramified substrate was separated from the soil layer and dried. The soil samples were analyzed for physico-chemical parameters; total petroleum hydrocarbon, lignin content by determining the acid detergent fraction (ADF), heavy metals content of the soil using flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer, and changes in the polyphenol oxidase and peroxidase activities were also determined after 1, 2, and 3 months. P. tuber-regium improved the nutrient status of the soil and increased enzyme activity was recorded. A reduction in the pH and heavy metal contents of the soil at all levels of cutting fluids concentrations was detected. The lignin in the rice straw decreased from 34.50% in the control to 8.06% at 30% cutting fluids concentration after 3 months of incubation. The highest TPH loss of 30.84% was recorded at 20% cutting fluids contamination after 3 months compared to 13.75% at the onset of the experiment. The improvement of the nutrient contents of the soil, bioaccumulation of heavy metals, degradation of TPH, lignin, and increased activity of polyphenol oxidase and peroxidase was due to biodegradation of the cutting fluids.     

污泥基生物炭对餐厨垃圾厌氧消化产甲烷及微生物群落结构的影响

为考察污泥基生物炭对餐厨垃圾厌氧消化的影响,以餐厨垃圾为基质,设置4种不同接种比(inoculum to substrate ratio, ISR)的批次实验,以得到不同酸化程度的厌氧消化体系;检测空白组、餐厨垃圾对照组和生物炭实验组的产甲烷情况和微生物群落结构的变化。结果表明:当ISR=2时,生物炭对餐厨垃圾厌氧消化效果不明显;当ISR=0.5时,生物炭使其停滞期缩短28.9%左右;ISR越小,生物炭对酸化停滞时间缩短以及产甲烷速率提高的效果越明显。同时,生物炭可以促进Chloroflex,Proteobacteria,Bacteroidetes的生长,从而提高厌氧消化中间产物的产生。当ISR较大时,厌氧消化系统的产甲烷途径以乙酸利用型为主,投加生物炭可以促进乙酸型产甲烷;随着ISR减小,产甲烷途径有逐渐向氢利用型转变的趋势,同时Methanosacrina逐渐替代Methanosaeta利用乙酸产甲烷。本研究结果可为污泥基生物炭在餐厨垃圾厌氧消化的实际应用提供参考。     

Aerosol characteristics and surface radiative forcing components during a dust outbreak in Gwangju, Republic of Korea

Atmospheric surface aerosol radiative forcing (SARF) ΔF, forcing efficiency ΔF_e and fractional forcing efficiency ΔFF_e evaluated from cloud-screened narrowband spectral and thermal-offset-corrected radiometric observations during the Asia dust outbreak episodes in Gwangju, Republic of Korea are reported in this study. Columnar aerosol optical properties (aerosol optical depth (AOD), τ _aλ, Angstrom exponent α, mass concentration of fine and coarse mode particles) were also reported for the station between January 2000 and May 2001 consisting of 211cloud-free days. Results indicate that majority of the AOD were within the range 0.25–0.45 while some high aerosol events in which AODs ≥ 0.6 were observed during the severe dust episodes. For example, AOD increases from annual average value of 0.34 ± 0.13 at 501 nm to values >0.60 during the major dust events of March 27–30 and April 7–9, 2000, respectively. The α _{501–870 nm} which is often used as a qualitative indicator of aerosol particle size had values ranging from 0.01 to 1.77. The diurnal forcing efficiency ΔDF_e at Gwangju was estimated to be −81.10 ± 5.14 W m ⁻²/τ _{501 nm} and −47.09 ± 2.20 W m ⁻²/τ _{501 nm} for the total solar broadband and visible band pass, respectively while the fractional diurnal forcing efficiency ΔFDF_e were −15.8 ± 0.64%/τ _{501 nm} and −22.87 ± 1.13%/τ _{501 nm} for the same band passes. Analyses of the 5-day air-mass back trajectories were further developed for Gwangju in order to classify the air-mass and types of aerosol reaching the site during the Asia dust episodes.