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1.
Distribution and mobility of metals in contaminated sites. chemometric investigation of pollutant profiles 总被引:8,自引:0,他引:8
Abollino O Aceto M Malandrino M Mentasti E Sarzanini C Barberis R 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2002,119(2):177-193
The distribution and mobility of heavy metals in the soils of two contaminated sites in Piedmont (Italy) was investigated, evaluating the horizontal and vertical profiles of 15 metals, namely Al, Cd, Cu, Cr, Fe. La, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sc, Ti, V, Y, Zn and Zr. The concentrations in the most polluted areas of the sites were higher than the acceptable limits reported in Italian and Dutch legislations for soil reclamation. Chemometric elaboration of the results by pattern recognition techniques allowed us to identify groups of samples with similar characteristics and to find correlations among the variables. The pollutant mobility was studied by extraction with water, dilute acetic acid and EDTA and by applying Tessier's procedure. The fraction of mobile species, which potentially is the most harmful for the environment, was found to be higher than the one normally present in unpolluted soils, where heavy metals are, to a higher extent, strongly bound to the matrix. 相似文献
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Viviana Paiano Caterina Generoso Alberta Mandich Ilaria Traversi Marinella Palmiotto Renzo Bagnati Andrea Colombo Enrico Davoli Roberto Fanelli Elena Fattore 《Chemosphere》2013
We analyzed polychlorobiphenyls (PCBs), perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) in the edible part of farmed sea bass reared in two fish farms in Liguria (Northern Italy). The aim was to determine the contamination levels and human exposure to these chemicals through fish consumption. Concentrations of “dioxin-like” PCBs (DL-PCBs) ranged from 0.033 to 0.759 pg ΣTEQ-PCB g−1 whole weight (w.w.) in fish farm 1 and from 0.032 to 1.60 pg ΣTEQ-PCB g−1 w.w. in fish farm 2, and the six indicators of “non-dioxin-like” (NDL-PCBs) from 0.538 to 9.33 ng Σ6PCB g−1 w.w. and from 1.62 to 27.6 ng Σ6PCB g−1 w.w. Concentrations were generally lower in farm 1 than in farm 2. One reason for this difference might be the proximity of farm 2 to the seaport of La Spezia, which could be a punctual source of pollutants influencing the contamination of the water in the farm. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed differences also in the congeners profiles for the two sites, with higher-chlorinated PCBs more abundant in farm 1, and lower-chlorinated PCBs were more abundant in farm 2. Most of the concentrations of PFOS and PFOA were below the limit of detection (LOD 0.05 ng g−1 w.w.). Only about 10% of the samples analyzed had levels slightly higher than the LOD. Assessments of exposure using these data showed that consumption of farmed fish may contribute significantly to PCBs through the diet, whereas the contribution of PFOS and PFOA seems to be low. 相似文献
4.
Francesco Nazzi Renzo Bortolomeazzi Giorgio Della Vedova Fabio Del Piccolo Desiderato Annoscia Norberto Milani 《Die Naturwissenschaften》2009,96(2):309-314
The mite Varroa destructor Anderson & Trueman is a parasite of the honeybee Apis mellifera L. and represents a major threat for apiculture in the Western world. Reproduction takes place only inside bee brood cells
that are invaded just before sealing; drone cells are preferred over worker cells, whereas queen cells are not normally invaded.
Lower incidence of mites in queen cells is at least partly due to the deterrent activity of royal jelly. In this study, the
repellent properties of royal jelly were investigated using a lab bioassay. Chemical analysis showed that octanoic acid is
a major volatile component of royal jelly; by contrast, the concentration is much lower in drone and worker larval food. Bioassays,
carried out under lab conditions, demonstrated that octanoic acid is repellent to the mite. Field studies in bee colonies
confirmed that the compound may interfere with the process of cell invasion by the mite. 相似文献
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Integrated Use of GLEAMS and GIS to Prevent Groundwater Pollution Caused by Agricultural Disposal of Animal Waste 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Monica Garnier Antonio Lo Porto Renzo Marini Antonio Leone 《Environmental management》1998,22(5):747-756
/ In modern intensive animal farming the disposal of a large amount of waste is of great concern, as, if not properly performed, it can cause the pollution of water, mainly because of the high content of nitrate and phosphate. This paper presents the results of a study intended to assess the environmental sustainability of animal waste disposal on agricultural soils in the alluvial plain of the River Chiana (Tuscany, Italy), a particularly sensitive area because of the high vulnerability of the shallow aquifer and of the intensive agricultural and breeding activities. With this aim, a strategy has been employed, that consists of the integrated use of a management model and GISs. The consequences on groundwater of applying animal waste to different kind of soils and crop arrangements have been simulated by means of the management model GLEAMS (Groundwater Loading Effects of Agricultural Management Systems, ver 2.01). As the huge amount of data required by such a sophisticated model does not allow applications at a scale larger than the field size, IDRISI and GRASS GIS packages have been used to divide the study area into land units, with homogeneous environmental characteristics, and then to generalize on these units the outputs of the model. The main conclusions can be synthesized as follows: The amount of animal waste produced in some of the investigated areas (i.e., municipal territory) is greater than that disposable on their own agricultural soil with no risks to the groundwater; consequently a cooperative approach among municipalities is necessary in order to plan waste disposal in a comprehensive and centralized way.KEY WORDS: Land use; Animal waste disposal; Groundwater protection; GIS, Management models 相似文献
7.
Pharmaceuticals in the Environment in Italy: Causes, Occurrence, Effects and Control 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Zuccato E Castiglioni S Fanelli R Reitano G Bagnati R Chiabrando C Pomati F Rossetti C Calamari D 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2006,13(1):15-21
- DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1065/espr2006.01.004
Background, Aim and Scope Environmental contamination by pharmaceuticals is an emerging issue. Until recently, information on medicinal substances
released into the environment was scant, but several studies have now been published. Data are, however, usually scattered
and a systematic approach to this subject is generally lacking. Moreover, because of differences in the prevalence of diseases,
treatment habits and options, or simply for market reasons, the pollution profile can differ significantly in different countries.
The aim of this work is to review the papers dealing with environmental contamination by pharmaceuticals in Italy, with the
aim of providing a comprehensive view on a national scale.
Methods Papers related to environmental contamination by pharmaceuticals in Italy were reviewed, in order to offer a comprehensive
view of this subject. Topics included analysis, occurrence, monitoring, modelling, treatment, control of the emissions, and
ecotoxicological effects of pharmaceuticals in the environment.
Results and Conclusion The literature suggests that pharmaceuticals are widespread contaminants, entering the environment from a myriad of scattered
points. Patients, in case of drugs for human use, or animals for veterinary drugs, are the main sources of contamination.
Pharmaceuticals can be ranked according to environmental loads, predicted by multiplying sales figures by the rate of metabolism
in man or animals. Priority pharmaceuticals, i.e. the molecules of concern for the environment, can be measured in waste and
surface water by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, and the loads detected are generally comparable to the predicted
ones. Pharmaceuticals are designed to stimulate a response in humans and animals at low doses, with a very specific target,
so the implications for human health and the environment need to be assessed. In vitro and in vivo studies suggest that pharmaceutical
principles, taken singularly or in combinations, and concentrations close to those detected in the environment, may have ecotoxicological
effects. The sewage system is an important point in the control of contamination, but sewage treatment plants are not able
efficiently to abate a substantial part of water-borne pharmaceuticals. Several variables play a role, however, in the processes
of waste water treatment, and could be specifically adjusted to improve the efficiency of drug abatement, mitigating the potential
environmental hazards.
Recommendation and Perspective Pharmaceuticals in the environment are becoming a subject of global concern, with potential environmental consequences. Further
knowledge of the causes, occurrence and effects of drugs as environmental pollutants is necessary for a better understanding
of this ecological issue, as well as to improve abatement strategies, and to mitigate subtle environmental consequences. 相似文献
8.
Recycling of construction and demolition waste materials: a chemical-mineralogical appraisal 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Bianchini G Marrocchino E Tassinari R Vaccaro C 《Waste management (New York, N.Y.)》2005,25(2):149-159
Building activity is currently demanding remarkable amounts of inert materials (such as gravel and sand) that are usually provided by alluvial sediments. The EU directives and Italian Legislation are encouraging the re-use of construction and demolition waste provided by continuous urban redevelopment. The re-utilisation of building waste is a relatively new issue for Italy: unfortunately the employment of recycled inert materials is still limited to general bulk and drainage fills, while a more complete re-evaluation is generally hampered by the lack of suitable recycling plants. In this paper, chemical-mineralogical characterization of recycled inert materials was carried out after preliminary crushing and grain-size sorting. XRF and XRD analysis of the different grain-size classes allowed us to recognise particular granulometric classes that can be re-utilised as first-order material in the building activity. Specifically, the presented chemical-mineralogical appraisal indicates that the recycled grain-size fraction 0.6-0.125 mm could be directly re-employed in the preparation of new mortar and concrete, while finer fractions could be considered as components for industrial processing in the preparation of cements and bricks/tiles. 相似文献
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Renzo D'Amelio Claudio Giorlandino MD Liana Masala Massimo Garofalo Monica Martinelli Giuseppe Anelli Lucio Zichella 《黑龙江环境通报》1991,11(2):69-75
The authors compare the diagnostic possibilities of fetal transabdominal echocardiography versus transvaginal echocardiography. A larger diagnostic capacity is verified in different gestation ages with transvaginal probe between the 11th and 14th week of gestation. The results are emphasized by colour Doppler. 相似文献
10.
Bussotti F Gerosa G Cenni E Cozzi A Ferretti M Bettini D Nibbi R 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2003,85(3):221-238
This study examines defoliation and discoloration findings collected throughout the Italian Level I network between 1997 and 2000. Prior to this period no Quality Assurance procedures had been implemented, so that earlier findings cannot be considered reliable. The aim of the study is to compare differentindices used in reporting findings, in order to determine the full potential and limitations of each. In international surveys,findings are normally expressed in terms of individual trees presenting a defoliation level greater than 2 %; this criterion,however, has been challenged since it is not based on scientificevidence. By analysing the distribution of defoliation values(grouped in 5% classes) relating to the main species (Fagus sylvatica, Quercus pubescens, Quercus cerris, Picea abies), the study examines the behaviour of statistical indices such as the median, the mode and the mean. Instead of using the traditional 25% threshold to determine the part of the population with the highest defoliation values, a procedureis suggested whereby a different threshold can be determined foreach species. It is established based on the 90° percentile of cumulative defoliation values recorded over the four-year period. Each index used to report findings possessesits own information potential, and the findings may at times appear contradictory. The use of a combined defoliation and discoloration index (Ilce = Lacking Crown Equivalent Index) is also proposed, but the results obtained do not differin substance from the results relating to defoliation alone. Thefunctional limitations of this index are due mainly to the way the data are collected: for this reason suggestions are made onhow to improve the procedure in future surveys. 相似文献