Cytogenetic analysis of chorionic villi for prenatal diagnosis: An ACC collaborative study of U.K. data

A prospective 3-year collaborative study was undertaken in 1987 to collect cytogenetic data from diagnostic chorionic villus samples (CVS) in the U.K. in order to determine the predictive value of the chromosome abnormalities encountered. Twenty-seven laboratories contributed a total number of 7595 cases, of which 97·6 per cent were successful. Excluding single cell anomalies, a total of 480 cytogenetic abnormalities were reported, of which 137 were familial structural rearrangements and 343 were de novo problems. Non-mosaic trisomies of chromosomes 13, 18, and 21 (n=157), non-mosaic sex chromosome abnormalities (n=33), and triploidy (n=6) were all confirmed in cells of fetal origin where follow-up information was available. Of the nine remaining non-mosaics including tetraploidy, trisomies of other autosomes, and extra markers, only a trisomy 16 and a case of a supernumerary marker proved genuine. Eighty-eight cases of mosaicism were reported to the study, of which only nine were confirmed as genuine: two cases involving chromosome 13, one trisomy 18, two examples of extra marker chromosomes, three 45,X, and one 47,XXX. There were no reports of false-negative findings. Presumptive maternal cell contamination was encountered in 39 cases, a detected incidence of 0·5 per cent. Four cases of presumptive ‘vanishing twin’ were recorded: in three of these, direct preparations showed a female karyotype, whereas cultures indicated a male (with male fetuses in two cases). The fourth case was of a female fetus with male and female cells in the CVS cultures. Subtle structural chromosome abnormalities were missed in three instances. Accurate prediction of the fetal karyotype was shown to require detailed knowledge of both the nature and the distribution of abnormal cells in the extra-embryonic tissues. In many cases, this could only be made where results from direct preparations and cultured cells were available. A number of conclusions were reached from these and similar data in the literature regarding the reliability of chromosome findings in CVS.     

“绿色流域建设”的湖泊富营养化防治思路及其在洱海的应用

虽然经过“十一五”阶段的治理,但我国湖泊富营养化形势依然严峻,湖泊富营养化治理仍然是目前我国水环境领域最为艰巨的任务之一. 根据长期在湖泊富营养化治理领域的研究与实践经验,提出我国应“立足流域进行统筹规划和治理,建设湖泊绿色流域”的湖泊富营养化防治思路. 通过梳理和提炼,提出了湖泊绿色流域构建的六大体系,即“产业结构调整控污减排、污染源工程治理与控制、低污染水处理与净化、清水产流机制修复、湖泊水体生境改善、流域系统管理与生态文明建设”. 同时,将“湖泊绿色流域建设”思路应用在洱海水污染防治工作中,针对洱海水污染特征与治理定位,提出了洱海水污染防治的技术路线,构建了洱海绿色流域建设的六大体系.      

Residual radioactive contamination at the peaceful underground nuclear explosion sites "Craton-3" and "Crystal" in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia)

In this paper, results are reported on the concentrations and activity ratios of 137Cs, 239+240Pu and 238Pu in soils, lichen and bottom sediments collected at the peaceful underground nuclear explosion sites "Craton-3" and "Crystal" (Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), North-East Siberia). At the "Craton-3" site, 239- 240Pu concentrations in the range 6.2 mBq/g to 5.9 Bq/g in surface soils (0-5 cm) and 239+240Pu concentrations up to 7.4 Bq/g in lichen were observed. The 137Cs concentration in measured soils range from 0.52 to 216 Bq/g for the near-plume and from 1.65 to 21.5 Bq/g for the far-plume. In lichen, 137Cs concentration varied from a global background level up to 251 Bq/g. Radioactive contamination at "Crystal" demonstrates an extremely irregular distribution of 239,240Pu and 137Cs in environmental samples taken at locations within 150 m radius of the site. Further work on compiling detailed maps of radioactive contamination of the territory around "Craton-3" and "Crystal" is discussed.     

石化企业地震次生火灾危险性评估与对策研究

研究了石化企业地震次生火灾起火概率与可燃物危险性分类级别和设备地震破坏级别之间的关系，提出了石化企业地震次生火灾起火概率的计算方法，并对国内某石化厂厂区的地震次生大灾源进行了危险性分析，评估了在未来可能发生的地震灾害中地震次生火灾的危险性。同时，提出了防止和减轻地震次生火灾的时策。     

太湖、巢湖水体CDOM吸收特性和组成的异同

2009年4、6月,分别对太湖、巢湖进行了野外试验.利用光谱微分技术分析了2个湖泊CDOM吸收光谱的变化特征,根据吸收系数的光谱微分特征,对240～450nm的吸收系数进行分段,分别对每一段计算光谱斜率S值.在A段,巢湖、太湖CDOM的S值分别在:0.0166～0.0102nm-1[平均值(0.0132±0.0017)nm-1]和0.029～0.017nm-1[平均值(0.0214±0.0024)nm-1]之间,在B段,其S值分别在:0.0187～0.0148nm-1[平均值(0.0169±0.001)nm-1]和0.0179～0.0055nm-1[平均值(0.0148±0.002)nm-1]之间,在C段,其S值分别在:0.0208～0.0164nm-1[平均值(0.0186±0.0009)nm-1]和0.0253～0.0161nm-1[平均值(0.0197±0.002)nm-1]之间.结果表明:①太湖水体的吸收系数及对各组分吸收的贡献要小于巢湖水体的,标准化吸收系数要大于巢湖水体的.②不管是太湖还是巢湖,CDOM的吸收系数的微分光谱在260nm左右为谷值,在290nm左右为峰值,CDOM吸收系数可以分成(A、B、C)3段.③太湖水体中CDOM腐殖酸的相对含量整体要低于巢湖水体的.④S值反映CDOM组成的敏感性,与CDOM的组成有关,当CDOM中腐殖酸相对含量较高时,敏感性最强的是B段的S值,其次是C段的;反之,敏感性最高的是C段的,其次是A段的,最弱的是B段的.     

美国的“百年老刊”《科学》（SOIENCE）杂志探微

通过对美国《科学》，这一在国际科技界享有很高声望的“百年老刊”的分析研究，指出《科学》杂志在文本结构，来稿录用，定价发行，主编意识等方面值得我国科技期刊应该学习和借鉴之处。     

不同发酵方式对污泥厌氧发酵性能的影响及其发酵液利用

为了研究不同发酵方式对剩余污泥厌氧发酵性能影响及微生物对其发酵液的利用情况,将剩余污泥分别在Ca（OH）₂（pH=10±0.2）,Ca（OH）₂+NaCl（pH=10±0.2）,游离亚硝酸盐（FNA） （pH=5.5±0.2）,单过硫酸氢钾复合盐（PMS）,十二烷基苯磺酸钠（SDBS）及自然条件下进行发酵,发酵后期将发酵液用于生物脱氮研究,分别对发酵系统内的剩余污泥溶液化（SCOD）、溶解性蛋白质、溶解性多糖、可挥发性短链脂肪酸（SCFAs）和关键酶（水解酶和辅酶420）、NO₃^--N等指标进行分析.结果表明,6个发酵系统中,剩余污泥的水解酸化性能及发酵液利用具有显著的差别,其中Ca（OH）₂+NaCl 发酵系统中SCOD、SCFAs、水解酶、污泥减量效果等最佳,Ca（OH）₂发酵系统次之,自然条件发酵系统最弱.同时发现,FNA发酵系统中蛋白质和多糖含量较高,但是由于水解酶活性较低,F420活性最高,导致较低的SCFAs积累量.发酵液作为碳源进行生物脱氮试验研究表明,以Ca（OH）₂及Ca（OH）₂+NaCl发酵系统中的发酵液作为碳源具有良好的脱氮效果,与乙酸钠做为碳源效果相似,同时出现NO₂^--N积累现象,但是FNA, PMS, SDBS发酵系统的发酵液由于存在大量的消毒剂等化学物质导致生物利用性较差.     

MOVEMENT AND WAYFINDING IN THE KING SAUD UNIVERSITY BUILT ENVIRONMENT: A LOOK AT FRESHMAN ORIENTATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL INFORMATION

One potentially significant, yet hardly investigated, criterion for postoccupancy evaluation is the legibility of a setting—the degree to which a building or group of buildings facilitate the ability of users to find their way around. Legibility is one of the foundation concepts of environmental psychology, yet it has not often been considered enough as a guiding principle in design. The purpose of this paper is to analyse spatial orientation and wayfinding problems encountered by newcomers (freshman students) at the King Saud University (KSU) campus, Saudi Arabia, and to test/relate this to Lynch's elements of the image of cities. The analysis draws on previous research findings, theories, and more general observations, as well as observations made of wayfinding performance and map sketching by 30 high-school students likely to soon enroll at the university. Many specific problems with orientation and the architectural legibility of the buildings are identified and discussed. Emphasis is placed upon physical-setting variables that are likely to affect the ease with which spatial orientation and wayfinding are accomplished. These include the following facets of the KSU built environment: degree of differentiation; degree of visual access; and complexity of spatial layout.Legible buildings within which people can effectively maintain their orientation and find their way, according to this research, are in no way simplistic, dull, or boring; on the contrary, settings must possess distinctive landmarks and regions which, along with understandable path networks, allow users to know where they are and how to make their way to desired destinations. Coherent and legible environments are important in the lives of the people who use them. The movement of people through buildings and the factors that influence whether or not they are able to find their way need to continue to be of significance to both researchers and practitioners.