生物降解高分子材料的研究现状及应用前景

目前,处理高分子材料的一些传统方法,如焚烧法、掩埋法、熔融共混挤出法、回收利用等都存在一定的缺陷和局限性,给环境保护带来严重的困难。因此,开发环境可接受的降解性高分子材料是解决环境污染的重要途径。生物降解高分子是指通过自然界或添加的微生物的化学作用,将高分子物质分解成小分子化合物,再进入自然的循环过程。论述了生物降解高分子材料的研究现状,并对生物降解高分子材料的降解机理、影响因素及其在医学、农业、包装业和其他领域的潜在应用前景进行了探讨。     

改性脲醛树脂絮凝浮选剂在污水处理中的应用

用尿素和甲醛作为主要原料合成脲醛树脂季胺盐和脲醛树脂叔胺盐。采用ＷＥＭＣＯ浮选模型机和自行设计的模拟现场充气浮选的气浮设备及现场污水对絮凝浮选剂除油、除悬浮物的性能进行了评价。另外，用核磁共振和红外光谱测定了脲醛树脂叔胺盐的结构，并用凝胶色谱法测定了其分子量。     

基于GIS的太原市街道机动车污染物空间分布特征分析

在研究太原市机动车污染现状的基础上,结合太原市机动车排放因子模型Mob ile6和污染物扩散模型OSPM的计算结果,在G IS平台上绘制了太原市冬夏两季道路机动车污染物排放强度分布图和道路交通污染物浓度分布图,并对可视化结果作了科学的分析,研究结果表明：（1）太原市冬季街道污染总体上要高于夏季,这种趋势以CO的表现尤为明显;（2）街道NOX小时浓度超标率比CO小时浓度超标率更高,在研究的56条路段中,CO小时浓度都没有超过国家二级标准,NOX小时浓度超标率达38.9%（夏季）;（3）NOX污染主要集中在中心区,而建成区周边道路某些路段污染也较严重。     

基于VB和SQL的城市交通大气污染扩散模拟系统研究

针对越来越严重的机动车尾气排放造成的城市大气污染,为将已经得到验证的大气污染扩散模型开发成具有实用价值的操作模拟系统,以太原市为例,基于VB+SQL技术,结合 OSPM、Caline 4以及十字路口模型,设计并建立了城市交通大气污染扩散模拟系统关系数据库,研发了针对街道峡谷,城市快速道以及十字路口这3个热点区域的污染物扩散模拟系统.以CO为例,通过现场监测数据和系统模拟数据的对比,对系统的可行性及适用性进行了验证,同时对太原市建成区主要道路的交通污染物CO进行了模拟.结果表明:(1)该系统能较好地模拟城市机动车尾气排放污染扩散;(2)从太原市交通大气污染的分布来看,CO浓度冬季高于夏季,市中心区主干路及建设路的CO污染较其他路段严重.     

Environmental effects and risk control of antibiotic resistance genes in the organic solid waste aerobic composting system: A review

• ARGs were detected in livestock manure, sludge, food waste and fermentation dregs. • The succession of microbial community is an important factor affecting ARGs. • Horizontal transfer mechanism of ARGs during composting should be further studied. Antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) have been diffusely detected in several kinds of organic solid waste, such as livestock manure, sludge, antibiotic fermentation residues, and food waste, thus attracting great attention. Aerobic composting, which is an effective, harmless treatment method for organic solid waste to promote recycling, has been identified to also aid in ARG reduction. However, the effect of composting in removing ARGs from organic solid waste has recently become controversial. Thus, this article summarizes and reviews the research on ARGs in relation to composting in the past 5 years. ARGs in organic solid waste could spread in different environmental media, including soil and the atmosphere, which could widen environmental risks. However, the conventional composting technology had limited effect on ARGs removal from organic solid waste. Improved composting processes, such as hyperthermophilic temperature composting, could effectively remove ARGs, and the HGT of ARGs and the microbial communities are identified as vital influencing factors. Currently, during the composting process, ARGs were mainly affected by three response pathways, (I) “Microenvironment-ARGs”; (II) “Microenvironment-microorganisms-ARGs”; (III) “Microorganisms-horizontal gene transfer-ARGs”, respectively. Response pathway II had been studied the most which was believed that microbial community was an important factor affecting ARGs. In response pathway III, mainly believed that MGEs played an important role and paid less attention to eARGs. Further research on the role and impact of eARGs in ARGs may be considered in the future. It aims to provide support for further research on environmental risk control of ARGs in organic solid waste.     

不同尺度下耕地土壤Cr含量的空间自相关性分析

以山东省禹城市耕地土壤重金属铬(Cr)元素为例,采用Moran’s I统计量对县级和镇级两个不同取样尺度下Cr含量的空间自相关关系、空间相关尺度和空间分布规律进行了对比研究.结果表明:1)随着研究尺度的增大,Cr含量的变异系数增加,块基比(C0/Sill)减小,空间结构性增强;2)两个尺度下Cr含量Moran’s I指数都大于0,表明研究区内两个尺度下的Cr含量都存在空间正自相关,且Moran’s I指数随着研究尺度的增加而增大;3)Lisa聚类图表明,两个尺度下Cr含量都存在空间聚集区和空间孤立区,其中"高—高"空间聚集和"低—高"空间孤立区域存在潜在Cr污染风险.研究表明小尺度下能够观察到大尺度下观察不到的细微差别,研究可为土壤重金属环境质量评价和重金属污染防治提供重要参考.图4表2参23     

Spatial and temporal distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in sediments from Daya Bay, South China

The spatial and temporal distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) has been investigated in Daya Bay, China. The total concentration of the 16 USEPA priority PAHs in surface sediments ranged from 42.5 to 158.2 ng/g dry weight with a mean concentration of 126.2 ng/g. The spatial distribution of PAHs was site-specific and combustion processes were the main source of PAHs in the surface sediments. Total 16 priority PAH concentration in the cores 8 and 10 ranged from 77.4 to 305.7 ng/g and from 118.1 to 319.9 ng/g respectively. The variation of the 16 PAH concentrations in both cores followed the economic development in China very well and was also influenced by input pathways. Some of the PAHs were petrogenic in core 8 while pyrolytic source was dominant in core 10. In addition, pyrolytic PAHs in both cores were mainly from the coal and/or grass and wood combustion.     

氯氰菊酯降解菌CY22-7的分离鉴定及降解特性研究

从采集的多种土壤样品中.获得了19株在3种筛选平板上均生长良好的候选氯氰菊酯降解菌.通过生理生化特性鉴定和16S rDNA序列的测定及比对.将其中的氯氰菊酯降解菌CY22-7鉴定为中华根瘤菌属(Sinorhizobium sp.).同时,对氯氰菊酯降解菌CY22-7的降解特性研究结果表明:(1)氯氰菊酯降解菌CY22-7以5%(体积分数)的接种鼍接种到氯氰菊酯起始质量浓度为100 mg/L的氯氰菊酯乙醇培养基后,于200 r/min、30℃摇床中培养.经过6 d的培养,氯氰菊酯降解菌CY22-7降解了约60%的氯氰菊酯.(2)加人外源营养物质有利于促进氯氰菊酯的降解.其中,葡萄糖和酵母提取物的促进作用最为明显.(3)氯氰菊酯降解菌CY22-7降解氯氰菊酯的最适温度为30℃,最佳pH为6.0.     

利用固定化细胞技术处理废水研究进展

固定化细胞技术是一门新兴的废水处理技术。与固定化酶技术相比,固定化细胞技术保持了原有的多酶系统,对于需要多酶顺序作用的反应更具优势,且不需要辅酶再生。其缺点是必须使用胞内酶,且难以去除细胞内的“副作用”酶。介绍了目前常见的四类固定化方法(即吸附法、包埋法、共价结合法和交联法)、三类固定化细胞载体材料(即有机高分子载体、无机载体和复合载体)以及该方法在废水处理中的应用,并提出了在应用中有待解决的问题。     

应用OSPM模型计算太原市交通大气污染时空分布

文章以太原市机动车排放的实际数据结合气象因素与街道构造,采用OSPM模型计算了2008年太原市夏季（7月）与冬季（12月）车流量高峰期街道内的一次NOx与CO的小时浓度,验证了适用性,并使用模型对太原市55条主干道进行了扩散模拟计算,结果表明：OSPM模型可以较好地模拟太原市NOx与CO的扩散;太原市冬季交通大气污染物浓度要明显高于夏季;从空间分布上来看,污染物浓度基本与车流量分布一致;对比国家大气二级环境质量标准来看,太原市主干道NOx超标较为严重,夏季达到了83.64%,冬季达到了98.18%;夏季CO浓度计算结果全部在二级标准限值内,冬季超标率为16.36%。