活化赤泥吸附除磷及其机理的研究

以铝矿工业赤泥为原材料,采用酸活化、焙烧活化、热酸活化方法进行活化处理,得到除磷吸附剂,考察了pH值、反应时间和磷初始浓度等因素对除磷吸附剂吸附效果的影响.结果表明,活化赤泥具有较好的除磷能力,酸活化赤泥和焙烧活化赤泥对磷的饱和吸附量分别为155.2、144.2 mg·g-1.热酸活化赤泥除磷能力更强,其对磷的饱和吸附量可达202.9 mg·g～,经过热酸活化后的赤泥即使在pH值波动较大时也能很好处理高浓度含磷废水.溶液pH显著影响磷去除效果,在pH为7时得到最大去除量.     

基于MATLAB灰色GM(1,1)模型的大气污染物浓度预测

灰色GM(1,1)预测模型是灰色理论中的重要组成部分,也是主要的预测方法之一,因此,GM(1,1)模型的应用范围很广泛。以乌鲁木齐市市区的大气环境监测数据资料为依据,在分析灰色预测模型基本原理的基础上,利用MATLAB强大的矩阵功能,实现灰色GM(1,1)模型算法。通过灰色系统GM(1,1)模型,对乌鲁木齐市未来4年的环境空气质量进行了预测分析。预测结果显示,乌鲁木齐市未来4年环境空气质量将持续好转,表明近年来乌鲁木齐市采取的产业结构调整和清洁能源战略实施卓有成效。机动车尾气已经逐渐成为目前和未来一段时间内乌鲁木齐市空气污染的主要因素之一,控制和减少车辆尾气对空气的污染不容忽视,为今后乌鲁木齐市制定大气环境规划、防治大气污染控制提供了科学依据。     

四氨基酞菁钯/γ-Al_2O_3可见光催化降解罗丹明B

采用浸渍法制备了四氨基酞菁钯(PdTAPc)/γ-Al_2O_3负载型光催化剂,采用UV-Vis,FTIR,XRD,SEM技术对其进行了表征,并将其用于罗丹明B的可见光催化降解,考察了光催化剂加入量、溶液pH、H_2O_2加入量、反应温度对罗丹明B降解效果的影响,并对光催化剂的稳定性进行了测试。表征结果显示,PdTAPc以圆片状负载于γ-Al_2O_3上,二者的结构均未发生明显变化。实验结果表明:在光催化剂加入量1.6 g/L、溶液pH 7.0、H_2O_2加入量12 mmol/L、反应温度20℃的优化条件下反应120 min,罗丹明B(质量浓度0.05 g/L)的降解率高达95%;光催化剂具有较高的稳定性,使用4次后罗丹明B的降解率仍高于85%。     

新型TCAS吸附树脂对水中Cd2+的吸附去除研究

通过静态吸附试验，研究一种由超分子受体化合物磺化硫杂杯芳烃（TCAS）与树脂结合的产物——新型TCAS吸附树脂对重金属Cd²⁺的吸附去除性能，并初步探讨了吸附机理。试验研究结果表明，TCAS吸附树脂对Cd²⁺的饱和吸附量为14.45 mg/g。当温度为20℃，0.5 g TCAS吸附树脂对10 mL浓度为5 mg/L的Cd²⁺溶液吸附60 min时， Cd²⁺的去除率可达到99%以上。pH值是影响TCAS吸附树脂吸附效果的重要因素，在pH=5～9时，Cd²⁺的去除率随着pH值的升高而增大。在试验范围内，TCAS吸附树脂对Cd²⁺吸附符合Freundlich方程。吸附在TCAS吸附树脂上的Cd²⁺可洗脱回收，TCAS吸附树脂也可再生利用。 TCAS吸附树脂对重金属Cd²⁺的吸附机理主要归因于TCAS对Cd²⁺的络合作用。     

4A沸石去除水中Pb2＋的研究

在静态条件下，研究了4A沸石对废水中Pb2＋的吸附性能，并探讨了影响吸附的因素。实验表明：当温度为30℃，废水pH为5～6，0．01g4A沸石对100mg／LPb2＋溶液10mL吸附20min，Pb2＋的去除率可达到99％以上。在实验研究条件下，4A沸石对Pb2＋的吸附符合Langmuir和Freundlich等温吸附方程，相关系数为0．9819和0．9998。经计算，4A沸石对Pb2＋的饱和吸附量为125mg／g。4A沸石吸附水中Pb2＋达到吸附平衡的时间较短；溶液pH值的变化对吸附效果影响不显著；温度从室温略微升高，Pb2＋的去除率略有增大。吸附在4A沸石上的Pb“可回收利用，处理后的4A沸石可以再生，且重复使用性能较好。     

基于可拓云模型的电力生产安全综合评估方法

为保证电力生产过程的安全性,必须对其安全水平进行客观合理的评估.针对电力生产安全评估的特点,全面考虑安全生产分级边界的模糊性和随机性,采用可拓云理论来评估电力生产安全综合状态.首先结合现代安全管理理论和生产实际建立电力生产安全综合评估指标体系,并采用主客观综合赋权法确定各评估指标的权重;然后综合云模型本身的不确定推理特性和可拓学中物元理论兼具定性、定量分析的特点,构建可拓云模型进行评估,并引入置信度因子和危险因子标识评估结果的可信信息和危险信息;最后通过算例分析验证了该方法的可行性和合理性.     

秸秆厌氧发酵产沼气技术现状进展

秸秆是世界上数量最大的可再生资源,但是秸秆内木质纤维素的复杂结构和难降解性限制了秸秆的应用,因此秸秆预处理成为秸秆发酵产气的重要一环。本文介绍了木质纤维素预处理物理技术、化学技术、生物技术、联合处理技术和秸秆厌氧发酵研究进展,并对秸秆预处理技术前景进行展望。     

无机陶瓷膜处理油田采出水

针对陶瓷膜在油田采出水处理过程中操作参数的选择及污染机理进行了研究。通过现场实验,分析了不同的操作参数对膜通量的影响,陶瓷膜对含油量及悬浮物的去除效果,膜阻力组成及膜污染清洗方法。实验结果表明,在确定出水水质达到低渗透油田注水水质A1级标准条件下,陶瓷膜过滤最佳操作条件为:跨膜压差0.16 MPa、温度50℃、膜面流速5.0 m/s。同时发现,NaOH和HNO3联合清洗有助于恢复膜通量。     

Study on the hydrolysis/precipitation behavior of Keggin Al13 and Al30 polymers in polyaluminum solutions

The hydrolysis/precipitation behaviors of Al³⁺, Al₁₃ and Al₃₀ under conditions typical for flocculation in water treatment were investigated by studying the particulates' size development, charge characteristics, chemical species and speciation transformation of coagulant hydrolysis precipitates. The optimal pH conditions for hydrolysis precipitates formation for AlCl₃, PAC_Al13 and PAC_Al30 were 6.5–7.5, 8.5–9.5, and 7.5–9.5, respectively. The precipitates' formation rate increased with the increase in dosage, and the relative rates were AlCl₃ ? PAC_Al30 > PAC_Al13. The precipitates' size increased when the dosage increased from 50 μM to 200 μM, but it decreased when the dosage increased to 800 μM. The Zeta potential of coagulant hydrolysis precipitates decreased with the increase in pH for the three coagulants. The iso-electric points of the freshly formed precipitates for AlCl₃, PAC_Al13 and PAC_Al30 were 7.3, 9.6 and 9.2, respectively. The Zeta potentials of AlCl₃ hydrolysis precipitates were lower than those of PAC_Al13 and PAC_Al30 when pH > 5.0. The Zeta potential of PAC_Al30 hydrolysis precipitates was higher than that of PAC_Al13 at the acidic side, but lower at the alkaline side. The dosage had no obvious effect on the Zeta potential of hydrolysis precipitates under fixed pH conditions. The increase in Zeta potential with the increase in dosage under uncontrolled pH conditions was due to the pH depression caused by coagulant addition. Al–Ferron research indicated that the hydrolysis precipitates of AlCl₃ were composed of amorphous Al(OH)₃ precipitates, but those of PAC_Al13 and PAC_Al30 were composed of aggregates of Al₁₃ and Al₃₀, respectively. Al³⁺ was the most un-stable species in coagulants, and its hydrolysis was remarkably influenced by solution pH. Al₁₃ and Al₃₀ species were very stable, and solution pH and aging had little effect on the chemical species of their hydrolysis products. The research method involving coagulant hydrolysis precipitates based on Al–Ferron reaction kinetics was studied in detail. The Al species classification based on complex reaction kinetic of hydrolysis precipitates and Ferron reagent was different from that measured in a conventional coagulant assay using the Al–Ferron method. The chemical composition of Al_a, Al_b and Al_c depended on coagulant and solution pH. The Al_b measured in the current case was different from Keggin Al₁₃, and the high Al_b content in the AlCl₃ hydrolysis precipitates could not used as testimony that most of the Al³⁺ was converted to highly charged Al₁₃ species during AlCl₃ coagulation.     

基于TVR的腐蚀油气管道失效概率及安全寿命研究

为避免因腐蚀导致油气管道失效，针对因管道特性和腐蚀尺寸的不确定性使得管道剩余强度成为概率模型的特点，建立了腐蚀管道强度损失随机模型；借助可靠性理论，通过分析管道腐蚀进程的时变性特点，将管道系统由损伤积累和抗力衰减导致的剩余强度随机化；提出基于穿越率的腐蚀油气管道失效评定及安全寿命预测方法。研究结果表明:腐蚀速率和运行压力对管道失效概率及安全寿命影响显著,管道尺寸影响适中，而相关系数和拉伸强度影响较小；若腐蚀速率Va=0.2 mm/a，VL=10 mm/a或局部腐蚀缺陷半径达到管道壁厚的0.5倍时，建议作为重点风险段监测并检修。所建方法是对腐蚀油气管道运营监控和风险评估的有益补充。