Remittances as aid following major sudden‐onset natural disasters

There is a general assumption, based on macroeconomic studies, that remittances will rise following major sudden‐onset natural disasters. This is confirmed by a few assessments involving country‐specific research, and usually short‐term data. This study, questioning conventional wisdom, reviewed and graphed annual and quarterly remittance flows using International Monetary Fund and World Bank data from 2000–14 for 12 countries that confronted 18 major natural disasters. It found that, regardless of event type, annual remittances rose steadily from 2000–14 except for after the 2008–09 financial crisis. Post disaster, there was a quarterly increase in the majority of cases (confirming previous research) but there was seldom an annual increase in the year of the disaster greater than the average annual increase in 2000–14. It appears that remittance senders rush to provide assistance after a natural disaster, but since their own financial situation has not changed, the immediate increase is compensated by a later decrease.     

磷石膏废渣对小麦生长及麦田N_2O排放影响与经济环境效益分析

磷化工业产生的大量废渣磷石膏污染环境、占用土地,尚未得到很好的治理和利用。文章研究磷石膏废渣资源化利用,探索其对小麦田氧化亚氮(N_2O)排放以及小麦生长以及产量的影响。结果表明:施用不同量的磷石膏废渣对小麦生长、产量以及麦田N_2O的排放量的影响有所不同。施用磷石膏2 100 kg/hm~2对小麦千粒重以及产量等都有显著影响,可增产达48.11%。同时在整个小麦生长季,与单施有机肥处理相比,施用磷石膏废渣2 100 kg/hm~2可减少麦田N_2O排放量达30.14%,且减排作用具有持续性,在小麦的拔节期、抽穗期以及灌浆期的减排效果尤为显著。与之相比施用磷石膏1050 kg/hm~2的各项效果都比较微弱。研究还表明施用45%复合肥900 kg/hm~2虽然也促进小麦生长,增加小麦产量,但在整个生长季会显著增加N_2O的排放54.70%。在施用磷石膏条件下,小麦的鲜重和产量与麦田N_2O排放呈现显著负相关,与麦田N_2O排放强度呈现显著正相关,即磷石膏在显著促进小麦生长的同时可以显著降低麦田N_2O的排放。以碳交易背景为基础,分析磷石膏减排剂的田经济环境效益,结果表明,施用磷石膏废渣2 100 kg/hm~2,麦田的收入与产出比由1∶9.93提高到1∶17.82,产出增加约79.46%,同时还能够累计减少N_2O的排放达161.71 kg/hm~2。每吨磷石膏废渣可以减少N_2O排放76.48 kg,折合减少CO_2排放22 944 kg,环境收益达到1 140.55元。磷石膏作为减排剂施用,不仅可以减少环境污染,还能促进小麦生长,减少N_2O排放,对发展生态农业并缓解温室效应具有重要的应用价值。     

磷石膏对麦田CO2排放和小麦产量的影响及其经济环境效益分析

磷石膏是一种可以利用的磷化工废渣,本文以磷石膏为麦田温室气体减排剂,研究磷石膏对小麦生长、麦田温室气体二氧化碳(CO2)排放的影响,并分析磷石膏资源化利用的经济环境效益.结果表明,在常规施肥条件下,增施磷石膏2 100kg·hm-2能显著促进小麦生长,增产达37.71%.磷石膏对麦田CO2的减排作用在小麦生长的各个时期有所不同:施用磷石膏1 050 kg·hm-2处理,在小麦生长拔节期、抽穗期和灌浆期对麦田CO2的减排效果较为明显,相比对照分别减少8%、10%和6%;在整个小麦生长季累计减少CO2排放3%;施用磷石膏2 100 kg·hm-2处理,在小麦越冬返青期、拔节期和抽穗期,相比对照减少CO2排放11%、4%和12%,在小麦生长季累计减少CO2排放7%.磷石膏施用量较大的处理对CO2的抑制和减排效果较好.研究还表明在施用磷石膏的情况下,一定范围内,CO2的排放强度(单位鲜重CO2排放与单位产量CO2排放)与小麦穗长、鲜重和产量呈现显著负相关:即穗长越长,鲜重和产量越大,CO2的排放效率越低.在碳交易背景下,磷石膏资源化利用具有较高的经济和环境效益,主要体现在:与对照相比,投入/产出从1∶8.3变为1∶10.7,即在相同投入的情况下可提高28.92%的产出;每吨磷石膏作为麦田温室气体减排剂,可节省治理环境的费用与增产总额合计约290元.废渣磷石膏资源化利用,不仅可以减少环境污染、促进小麦生长,而且可以减少CO2排放,对发展低碳农业、生态农业以及可持续发展农业具有重要应用价值.