A novel proton-gradient-transfer acid complexes as an efficient and reusable catalyst for fatty acid esterification

In this work, a series of novel proton-gradient-transfer acid complexes (PGTACs) were developed. Their physicochemical properties, including thermal stability, melting point, and Hammett acidity, were measured. The effects of catalyst loading, reaction temperature, and substrate expansion on the catalytic performance were systematically studied. It is found that the combination of bidentate N-heterocycle and H2SO4 (1:2 M ratio) could form simultaneously N–H covalent bond and N…H hydrogen bond, which makes the PGTACs excellent catalysts integrate the advantages of strong acids (high catalytic activity) and ionic liquids (phase separation) in the esterification reaction. Moreover, these PGTACs can be reused by convenient phase separation without obvious diminution of catalytic activity. It is concluded that these PGTACs are potential alternative candidates for esterification reaction in the process of industrial catalysis.     

珠江三角洲中低产水稻土结构特性及其改良

珠江三角洲粘质水稻土的肥力水平和产量水平与土壤结构特性密切相关。中低产水稻土产量偏低的原因主要是5—2、2—1、1—0.5mm水稳性团聚体、1—0.01mm粗粒微团聚体和非毛管孔隙都较少,从而导致土壤通透性差,水稻生长不良。水旱轮作、犁冬晒白和增施有机物料都能在一定程度上改善土壤结构孔隙。因而促进水气循环、土壤活化、产量提高。特别是水旱轮作与施用有机物料相结合,对改善粘质中低产水稻土结构的效果最为显著。犁冬晒白对改善土壤结构和促进水稻生长发育,当季效果也很明显,但其作用不能持久,宜与其它两种措施配合使用。     

Environmental impacts,human health,and energy consumption of nitrogen management for maize production in subtropical region

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Over-application of fertilizers could not improve crop yield and agronomic efficiency, but result in increasing nitrogen (N) surplus and adverse...