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Sarah E. Crawford Thomas Hartung Henner Hollert Björn Mathes Bennard van Ravenzwaay Thomas Steger-Hartmann Christoph Studer Harald F. Krug 《Environmental Sciences Europe》2017,29(1):16
Green Toxicology refers to the application of predictive toxicology in the sustainable development and production of new less harmful materials and chemicals, subsequently reducing waste and exposure. Built upon the foundation of “Green Chemistry” and “Green Engineering”, “Green Toxicology” aims to shape future manufacturing processes and safe synthesis of chemicals in terms of environmental and human health impacts. Being an integral part of Green Chemistry, the principles of Green Toxicology amplify the role of health-related aspects for the benefit of consumers and the environment, in addition to being economical for manufacturing companies. Due to the costly development and preparation of new materials and chemicals for market entry, it is no longer practical to ignore the safety and environmental status of new products during product development stages. However, this is only possible if toxicologists and chemists work together early on in the development of materials and chemicals to utilize safe design strategies and innovative in vitro and in silico tools. This paper discusses some of the most relevant aspects, advances and limitations of the emergence of Green Toxicology from the perspective of different industry and research groups. The integration of new testing methods and strategies in product development, testing and regulation stages are presented with examples of the application of in silico, omics and in vitro methods. Other tools for Green Toxicology, including the reduction of animal testing, alternative test methods, and read-across approaches are also discussed. 相似文献
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Harald Schaaf 《Umweltwissenschaften und Schadstoff-Forschung》2007,19(1):63-68
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Peter Wimmer Michael Düring Henri Chajmowicz Fredrik Granum Julian King Harald Kolk 《Traffic injury prevention》2019,20(4):S139-S145
AbstractObjective: With the overall goal to harmonize prospective effectiveness assessment of active safety systems, the specific objective of this study is to identify and evaluate sources of variation in virtual precrash simulations and to suggest topics for harmonization resulting in increased comparability and thus trustworthiness of virtual simulation-based prospective effectiveness assessment.Methods: A round-robin assessment of the effectiveness of advanced driver assistance systems was performed using an array of state-of-the-art virtual simulation tools on a set of standard test cases. The results were analyzed to examine reasons for deviations in order to identify and assess aspects that need to be harmonized and standardized. Deviations between results calculated by independent engineering teams using their own tools should be minimized if the research question is precisely formulated regarding input data, models, and postprocessing steps.Results: Two groups of sources of variations were identified; one group (mostly related to the implementation of the system under test) can be eliminated by using a more accurately formulated research question, whereas the other group highlights further harmonization needs because it addresses specific differences in simulation tool setups. Time-to-collision calculations, vehicle dynamics, especially braking behavior, and hit-point position specification were found to be the main sources of variation.Conclusions: The study identified variations that can arise from the use of different simulation setups in assessment of the effectiveness of active safety systems. The research presented is a first of its kind and provides significant input to the overall goal of harmonization by identifying specific items for standardization. Future activities aim at further specification of methods for prospective assessments of the effectiveness of active safety, which will enhance comparability and trustworthiness in this kind of studies and thus contribute to increased traffic safety. 相似文献
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Dissolved organic matter (DOM) in soil solution is considered to interact with herbicides enhancing their mobility and promoting
subsequent leaching.
Batch experiments were conducted to test if free and DOM-bound herbicides can be separated by a DOM-flocculation technique
with Cu as a coagulant.
DOM was extracted from the H and A horizons of two soils (Terric Histosol, Cumuli-Calcaric Cambisol) and from the O horizon
of a forest soil (Humic Cambisol). DOM-solutions (100 mL) were fortified with the herbicides terbuthylazine and pendimethalin
(100 μg active ingredient each) and equilibrated for 14 hours. After DOM-flocculation with Cu (addition of 0,5 mM CuCl2) herbicide recovery was determined in the supernatant solutions and in the precipitate of Humic Cambisol-DOM, respectively.
Recovery of the herbicides from pure water was 85–99% and was not influenced by the addition of Cu. At low pH (4,8–5,3) DOM-flocculation
of different DOM-extracts was insufficient and varied in a range of 18 – 90%. Herbicide recovery from DOM-solutions decreased
moderately for terbuthylazine (60–90%) and strongly for pendimethalin (5 – 30%). In general, the addition of Cu caused no
further reduction of herbicide recovery from supernatant solutions, except for Humic Cambisol-DOM. The effects of Cu-addition
were most evident for pendimethalin (strongly reduced concentration in the supernatant solutions) and were considered to be
caused by a flocculation of DOM-bound moieties. Flocculation of Humic Cambisol-DOM increased from 18 – 24% at pH 5 to > 95%
at pH 8. However, at this pH the formation of Cu(OH)2 as a sorbing subcomponent of the flocculated matter lead to an overestimation of DOM-bound pendimethalin. Calculating this
side effect 6% of pendimethalin added was DOM-bound. Only traces of terbuthylazine (< 1%) were found in the solid matter of
flocculated Humic Cambisol-DOM.
To sum up, the new approach to separate freely dissolved herbicides from DOM-bound moieties not fully corresponded to our
expectations. DOM-flocculation was found to depend strongly on pH-environment influencing not only DOM-herbicide interactions
but also the clear separation of DOM-bound herbicides from herbicides in solutions. 相似文献
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