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1.
Cecilia Eriksson Harry Burton 《Ambio-人类环境杂志》2003,32(6):380-384
本文研究了从麦夸里岛上毛皮海豹(Arctocephalus spp.)粪便中发现的164个塑料颗粒(平均长度为4.1mm).其中41个塑料颗粒的电子显微照片显示,从其形状来看,没有一个可被确定为塑料颗柱原料--通常这样的颗粒是圆柱形和球形的.而海豹粪便中的164个塑料颗粒全都是7种颜色的角形颗粒(原料颗粒通常是透明的或白色的),并可被分为两类①沿晶体线碎裂的和可能是紫外线分解的;②被磨蚀成带有圆角的不规则形状(擦痕明显可见).白色、棕色、绿色、黄色以及蓝色是最常见的颜色.在成分上,它们来自于5种聚合物群聚乙烯93%;聚丙烯4%;多(1-CI-1-聚丁二烯)聚氯丁二烯2%;三聚氰胺-尿素(酚)(甲醛)树脂0.5%以及纤维素(绳纤维)0.5%.较大的群是漂浮的,比重小于海水.这些小塑料是由较大颗粒(碎片)分解而成的.它们看来是被水冲上岸的并在卵石海滩上受到研磨的塑料用品分解而成的.大多数颗粒(70%)肯定是由于经过不断的磨蚀而最后形成今天的形状.据假设,塑料颗粒被冲到海洋中,然后按其大小有选择地被一种中上层鱼--Electrona subaspera--吃掉,而这种鱼后来又被毛皮海豹吃掉.因此,这些塑料颗粒是由这种鱼和海豹在其正常的摄食过程中聚集的. 相似文献
2.
Enrique Castelán 《Ambio-人类环境杂志》2003,32(2):124-129
引言 墨西哥城大都市区(MCMA)位于被称作"墨西哥谷(Valle deMexico)"的天然围合的盆地里,海拔2240m.它下辖联邦区和墨西哥州的34个自治市.墨西哥城是墨西哥的首都,位于联邦区(DistritoFederal,DF),四面环山,海拔高度超过5000m.墨西哥州是墨西哥人口最稠密的地区(据报道有1300万居民),人口仅次于它的是墨西哥城,大约有860万人[1]. 相似文献
3.
4.
Cecilia Akselsson Johan Holmqvist Mattias Alveteg Daniel Kurz Harald Sverdrup 《Water, Air, & Soil Pollution: Focus》2004,4(2-3):671-681
Weathering rates of base cations are crucial in critical load calculations and assessments of sustainable forestry. The weathering rate on a single site with detailed geological data can be modelled using the PROFILE model. For environmental assessments on a regional scale, the weathering rates for sites are scaled into regional maps. The step from sites to regional level requires focus on the spatial variation of weathering rates. In this paper, a method is presented by which weathering rates are calculated for 25589 Swedish sites with total elemental analysis for the soil. Based on a part of the results, a methodology for creating area covering maps by geostatistical analysis and kriging is described. A normative reconstruction model was used to transform total elemental analysis to mineralogy. Information from the Swedish Forest Inventory database and other databases were used to derive texture and other important information for the sites, e.g. climate, deposition and vegetation data. The calculated weathering rates show a regional pattern that indicates possibilities for interpolation of data in large parts of Sweden. Geostatistical analysis of an area in southern Sweden shows different properties for different base cations. Kriging was performed for potassium to demonstrate the method. It was concluded that different base cations and different regions have to be analysed separately, in order to optimise the kriging method. 相似文献
5.
Manuela Carneiro Bruno Colaço Ricardo Brandão Carla Ferreira Nuno Santos Vanessa Soeiro Aura Colaço Maria João Pires Paula A. Oliveira Santiago Lavín 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2014,186(11):7011-7021
The accumulation of heavy metals in the environment may have a wide range of health effects on animals and humans. Thus, in this study, the concentrations of arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), and mercury (Hg) in the blood and tissues (liver and kidney) of Portuguese common buzzards (Buteo buteo) were determined by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometer (ICP-MS) in order to monitor environmental pollution to these elements. In general, Hg and As were the elements which appeared in the highest and lowest concentrations, respectively. A highest percentage of non-detected concentration was found for blood Cd (94.6 %) but, in turn, it was the only metal that was detected in all kidney samples. The kidney was the analyzed sample which showed the highest concentrations of each element evaluated. Statistically, significant differences among blood, liver, and kidney samples were observed for As and Cd (P?0.05). Cd concentrations in kidney and liver varied significantly with age: Adults showed higher hepatic and renal Cd concentrations than juveniles. Blood Pb concentration seems to show an association with the hunting season. Although raptors are at the top of the food chain and are thus potentially exposed to any biomagnification processes that may occur in a food web, the individuals evaluated in this study generally had low levels of heavy metals in blood and tissues. However, chronic exposure to these metals was verified. The results presented here lend weight to arguments in favor of continuous biomonitoring of metals and metalloids, since heavy metals may accumulate to levels that will pose a risk to both human health and the environment. 相似文献
6.
Jianfeng Zhou Ting Wang Cecilia Yu Xing Xie 《Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering》2020,14(5):78
7.
In the scientific literature, few valuations of biodiversity and ecosystem services following the impacts of toxicity are available, hampered by the lack of ecotoxicological documentation. Here, tributyltin is used to conduct a contingent valuation study as well as cost–benefit analysis (CBA) of measures for improving the environmental status in Swedish coastal waters of the Baltic Sea. Benefits considering different dimensions when assessing environmental status are highlighted and a quantitative environmental assessment framework based on available technology, ecological conditions, and economic valuation methodology is developed. Two scenarios are used in the valuation study: (a) achieving good environmental status by 2020 in accordance with EU legislation (USD 119 household−1 year−1) and (b) achieving visible improvements by 2100 due to natural degradation (USD 108 household−1 year−1) during 8 years. The later scenario was used to illustrate an application of the assessment framework. The CBA results indicate that both scenarios might generate a welfare improvement.
Electronic supplementary material
The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s13280-015-0682-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献8.
Cecilia Sundberg Dan Yu Ingrid Franke-Whittle Sari Kauppi Sven Smårs Heribert Insam Martin Romantschuk Håkan Jönsson 《Waste management (New York, N.Y.)》2013,33(1):204-211
A major problem for composting plants is odour emission. Slow decomposition during prolonged low-pH conditions is a frequent process problem in food waste composting. The aim was to investigate correlations between low pH, odour and microbial composition during food waste composting. Samples from laboratory composting experiments and two large scale composting plants were analysed for odour by olfactometry, as well as physico-chemical and microbial composition. There was large variation in odour, and samples clustered in two groups, one with low odour and high pH (above 6.5), the other with high odour and low pH (below 6.0). The low-odour samples were significantly drier, had lower nitrate and TVOC concentrations and no detectable organic acids. Samples of both groups were dominated by Bacillales or Actinobacteria, organisms which are often indicative of well-functioning composting processes, but the high-odour group DNA sequences were similar to those of anaerobic or facultatively anaerobic species, not to typical thermophilic composting species. High-odour samples also contained Lactobacteria and Clostridia, known to produce odorous substances. A proposed odour reduction strategy is to rapidly overcome the low pH phase, through high initial aeration rates and the use of additives such as recycled compost. 相似文献
9.
Draudviliene Lina Stasiskiene Zaneta Pamakstys Kastytis Surgaute Lina Maini Cecilia Zucchini Maria Gracia Mernitz Gudrum Sołtys Sławomir 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2021,28(21):26215-26222
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Over the last decades, the demographic changes have all altered the population structure and influenced the social, economic, and political... 相似文献
10.
Cecilia Bratt Sophie HallstedtK.-H. Robèrt Göran Broman Jonas Oldmark 《Journal of Cleaner Production》2011,19(14):1631-1638
To turn current patterns of consumption and production in a sustainable direction, solid and understandable market information on the socio-ecological performance of products is needed. Eco-labelling programmes have an important role in this communication. The aim of this study is to investigate what gaps there may be in the current criteria development processes in relation to a strategic sustainability perspective and develop recommendations on how such presumptive gaps could be bridged. First a previously published generic framework for strategic sustainable development is described and applied for the assessment of two eco-labelling programmes. Data for the assessment is collected from literature and in semi-structured interviews and discussions with eco-labelling experts.The assessment revealed that the programmes lack both an operational definition of sustainability, and a statement of objectives to direct and drive the criteria development processes. Consequently they also lack guidelines for how product category criteria might gradually develop in any direction. The selected criteria mainly reflect the current reality based on a selection of negative impacts in ecosystems, but how this selection, or prioritization, is made is not clearly presented. Finally, there are no guidelines to ensure that the criteria developers represent a broad enough competence to embrace all essential sustainability aspects.In conclusion the results point at deficiencies in theory, process and practice of eco-labelling, which hampers cohesiveness, transparency and comprehension. And it hampers predictability, as producers get no support in foreseeing how coming revisions of criteria will develop. This represents a lost opportunity for strategic sustainable development. It is suggested that these problems could be avoided by informing the criteria development process by a framework for strategic sustainable development, based on backcasting from basic sustainability principles. 相似文献