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Alan T. Herlihy Jean Sifneos Chris Bason Amy Jacobs Mary E. Kentula M. Siobhan Fennessy 《Environmental management》2009,44(2):369-377
We sampled 92 wetlands from four different basins in the United States to quantify observer repeatability in rapid wetland
condition assessment using the Delaware Rapid Assessment Protocol (DERAP). In the Inland Bays basin of Delaware, 58 wetland
sites were sampled by multiple observers with varying levels of experience (novice to expert) following a thorough training
workshop. In the Nanticoke (Delaware/Maryland), Cuyahoga (Ohio), and John Day (Oregon) basins, 34 wetlands were sampled by
two expert teams of observers with minimal protocol training. The variance in observer to observer scoring at each site was
used to calculate pooled standard deviations (SDpool), coefficients of variation, and signal-to-noise ratios for each survey. The results showed that the experience level of
the observer had little impact on the repeatability of the final rapid assessment score. Training, however, had a large impact
on observer to observer repeatability. The SDpool in the Inland Bay survey with training (2.2 points out of a 0–30 score) was about half that observed in the other three basins
where observers had minimal training (SDpool = 4.2 points). Using the results from the survey with training, we would expect that two sites assessed by different, trained
observers who obtain DERAP scores differing by more than 4 points are highly likely to differ in ecological condition, and
that sites with scores that differ by 2 or fewer points are within variability that can be attributed to observer differences. 相似文献
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A Concentric Analysis of the Impact of Urbanization on the Threatened European Tree Frog in an Agricultural Landscape 总被引:4,自引:1,他引:4
Abstract: Pond-breeding amphibians are affected by site-specific factors and regional and landscape-scale patterns of land use. Recent anthropogenic landscape modifications (drainage, agriculture intensification, larger road networks, and increased traffic) affect species by reducing the suitable habitat area and fragmenting remaining populations. Using a robust concentric approach based on permutation tests, we evaluated the impact of recent landscape changes on the presence of the endangered European tree frog ( Hyla arborea ) in wetlands. We analyzed the frequency of 1 traffic and 14 land-use indices at 20 circular ranges (from 100-m up to 2-km radii) around 76 ponds identified in western Switzerland. Urban areas and road surfaces had a strong adverse effect on tree frog presence even at relatively great distances (from 100 m up to 1 km). When traffic measurements were considered instead of road surfaces, the effect increased, suggesting a negative impact due to a vehicle-induced effect. Altogether, our results indicate that urbanization and traffic must be taken into account when pond creation is an option in conservation management plans, as is the case for the European tree frog in western Switzerland. We conclude that our easy-to-use and robust concentric method of analysis can successfully assist managers in identifying potential sites for pond creation, where probability of the presence of tree frogs is maximized. 相似文献
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土壤种子库是指存在于土壤表面和土壤中全部存活种子的总和。稻田土壤种子库是地上杂草产生的根本来源。我国是一个水稻种植大国,目前关于稻田土壤种子库的研究还不够全面和深入。研究稻田土壤种子库对于防治稻田草害具有重要指导意义,同时也是种子库研究领域的一个重要补充。取样方法和取样时间是研究土壤种子库的关键所在。而萌发法是最常见的判定方法。关于稻田土壤种子库大小的结论相差很大,从103~105 m-2不等。稻田土壤种子库中的杂草主要有19科55种,一般的稻田可检出10科或20种左右。种子的垂直分布格局主要受耕作强度的影响。70%~80%甚至更多的杂草种子分布在0~10 cm。稻田土壤种子库由于萌发、捕食、衰老和种子散布等原因具有季节动态。轮作制度、耕作方式、不同施肥处理以及除草方式等对稻田土壤种子库有重要影响。连续多年的田间管理会使种子库的大小、分布和物种组成产生年际变化。目前,需要加强长期定位研究,扩大研究区域和研究内容,重点研究杂草种子的休眠萌发机制和种子命运研究,为杂草治理提供更准确的信息。 相似文献
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Trends and patterns in section 404 permitting requiring compensatory mitigation in Oregon and Washington,USA 总被引:1,自引:4,他引:1
Mary E. Kentula Jean C. Sifneos James W. Good Michael Rylko Kathy Kunz 《Environmental management》1992,16(1):109-119
The effects of permitting decisions made under Section 404 of the Clean Water Act for which compensatory mitigation was required
were examined. Information was compiled on permits issued in Oregon (January 1977–January 1987) and Washington (1980–1986).
Data on the type of project permitted, wetland impacted, and mitigation project were collected and analyzed. The records of
the Portland and Seattle District Offices of the US Army Corps of Engineers and of Environmental Protection Agency Region
X were the primary sources of information.
The 58 permits issued during the years of concern in Oregon document impacts to 82 wetlands and the creation of 80. The total
area of wetland impacted was 74 ha while 42 ha were created, resulting in a net loss of 32 ha or 43%. The 35 permits issued
in Washington document impacts to 72 wetlands and the creation of 52. The total area of wetland impacted was 61 ha while 45
ha were created, resulting in a net loss of 16 ha or 26%. In both states, the number of permits requiring compensation increased
with time. The area of the impacted and created wetlands tended to be ≤0.40 ha. Permitted activity occurred primarily west
of the Cascade Mountains and in the vicinity of urban centers. Estuarine and palustrine wetlands were impacted and created
most frequently. The wetland types created most often were not always the same as those impacted; therefore, local gains and
losses of certain types occurred. In both states the greatest net loss in area was in freshwater marshes.
This study illustrates how Section 404 permit data might be used in managing a regional wetland resource. However, because
the data readily available were either incomplete or of poor quality, the process of gathering information was very labor
intensive. Since similar analyses would be useful to resource managers and scientists from other areas, development of an
up-to-date standardized data base is recommended. 相似文献
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