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1.
Smith PN Cobb GP Godard-Codding C Hoff D McMurry ST Rainwater TR Reynolds KD 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2007,150(1):41-64
Here we review mechanisms and factors influencing contaminant exposure among terrestrial vertebrate wildlife. There exists a complex mixture of biotic and abiotic factors that dictate potential for contaminant exposure among terrestrial and semi-terrestrial vertebrates. Chemical fate and transport in the environment determine contaminant bioaccessibility. Species-specific natural history characteristics and behavioral traits then play significant roles in the likelihood that exposure pathways, from source to receptor, are complete. Detailed knowledge of natural history traits of receptors considered in conjunction with the knowledge of contaminant behavior and distribution on a site are critical when assessing and quantifying exposure. We review limitations in our understanding of elements of exposure and the unique aspects of exposure associated with terrestrial and semi-terrestrial taxa. We provide insight on taxa-specific traits that contribute, or limit exposure to, transport phenomenon that influence exposure throughout terrestrial systems, novel contaminants, bioavailability, exposure data analysis, and uncertainty associated with exposure in wildlife risk assessments. Lastly, we identify areas related to exposure among terrestrial and semi-terrestrial organisms that warrant additional research. 相似文献
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Reynolds B Stevens PA Adamson JK Hughes S Roberts JD 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》1992,77(2-3):157-165
Data are presented demonstrating how clearfelling has changed soil and stream water aluminium chemistry. For soil waters, a strong empirical relationship was observed between inorganic aluminium (Al(inorg)) and total inorganic anion (TIA) concentrations. Before felling, chloride and sulphate accounted for the largest proportion of the TIA concentration. After felling, in soils where nitrification was active, nitrate became increasingly important. Where this led to an increase in TIA, Al(inorg) concentrations increased. Over five years, nitrate concentrations have fallen, along with TIA, resulting in a sympathetic decline in Al(inorg). Streams draining clearfelled areas initially became more acid, although chloride and sulphate concentrations decreased. Stream water nitrate concentrations increased soon after felling and remained higher than controls for up to four years. While nitrate concentrations were high, Al(inorg) remained unchanged. Subsequently, as nitrate and TIA decreased, Al(inorg) also declined to concentrations below those in the control stream. Clearfelling upland forests will not necessarily result in immediate improvements in water quality, although long-term benefits may be seen before canopy-closure of the next crop. 相似文献
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Reynolds SJ Milton DK Heederik D Thorne PS Donham KJ Croteau EA Kelly KM Douwes J Lewis D Whitmer M Connaughton I Koch S Malmberg P Larsson BM Deddens J Saraf A Larsson L 《Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM》2005,7(12):1371-1377
Endotoxin exposure is associated with wheeze and asthma morbidity, while early life exposure may reduce risk of allergy and asthma. Unfortunately, it is difficult to compare endotoxin results from different laboratories and environments. We undertook this study to determine if lipopolysaccharide (LPS) extraction efficiency could account for differences among laboratories. We generated and collected aerosols from chicken and swine barns, and corn processing. We randomly allocated side-by-side filter samples to five laboratories for Limulus assay of endotoxin. Lyophilized aliquots of filter extracts were analyzed for 3-hydroxy fatty acids (3-OHFAs) as a marker of LPS using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. There were significant differences in endotoxin assay and GC-MS (LPS) results between laboratories for all dust types (p < 0.01). Patterns of differences between labs varied by dust type. Relationships between assay and GC/MS results also depended on dust type. The percentages of individual 3-OHFA chain lengths varied across labs (p < 0.0001) suggesting that each lab recovered a different fraction of the LPS available. The presence of large amounts of particle associated LPS and absence of a freezing thawing cycle were associated with lower correlations between LPS and bioactivity, consistent with an absence of Limulus response to cell-bound endotoxin. These data suggest that extraction methods affect endotoxin measurements. The LAL methods may be most suitable when comparing exposures within similar environments; GC-MS offers additional information helpful in optimizing sample treatment and extraction. GC-MS may be of use when comparing across heterogeneous environments and should be considered for inclusion in future studies of human health outcomes. 相似文献
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研究了轻质油中痕量砷的几种样品处理方法。实验表明,石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定时,用碘-甲苯和H2O2-HNO3相结合处理轻质油样品较为合适,萃取效率可达90%。并对影响萃取测定的其它因素作了初步探讨。 相似文献
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退火炉采取小燃烧室,对工件实行侧下加热、强化绝热措施复合炉衬、二次均热风管、扩张室沉降等五项措施.目的是为了提高炉的热效率和炉温的均匀度.在耗煤量较低的情况下能保持较高的燃烧室强度.有利于强化燃烧和减少蓄散热损失.实行扩张室沉降,在不加任何除尘装置的条件下烟尘排放浓度达到了国家标准新规定的排放要求,而且大大改善了工人的劳动条件. 相似文献
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充分发挥作物品种资源在粮食增产中的作用 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
我国十分重视品种资源的收集保存和研究利用,并利用各种优异品种资源育成一批又一批新品种,主要粮食作物推广的品种经历了4~5次更换,随之粮食作物产量由50年代的1155kg/hm2增加到1994年的4065kg/hm2。迄今,我国收集的粮食作物品种资源约24万份,并对其中20万份进行了主要农艺性状、品质、抗逆、抗病虫鉴定和评价,筛选出大量具有优良性状的资源,有的已在我国粮食增产中发挥了明显作用,应充分利用新技术,加速现有粮食作物品种资源的鉴定和开发利用;根据生产和育种的需要,不断收集新资源,深入鉴定筛选优良资源;并创造新物种或中间材料。 相似文献
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