Hydrocarbon emission fingerprints from contemporary vehicle/engine technologies with conventional and new fuels

The present paper presents results from the analysis of 29 individual C₂–C₉ hydrocarbons (HCs) specified in the European Commission Ozone Directive. The 29 HCs are measured in exhaust from common, contemporary vehicle/engine/fuel technologies for which very little or no data is available in the literature. The obtained HC emission fingerprints are compared with fingerprints deriving from technologies that are being phased out in Europe. Based on the total of 138 emission tests, thirteen type-specific fingerprints are extracted (Mean ± SD percentage contributions from individual HCs to the total mass of the 29 HCs), essential for receptor modelling source apportionment. The different types represent exhaust from Euro3 and Euro4 light-duty (LD) diesel and petrol-vehicles, Euro3 heavy-duty (HD) diesel exhaust, and exhaust from 2-stroke preEuro, Euro1 and Euro2 mopeds. The fuels comprise liquefied petroleum gas, petrol/ethanol blends (0–85% ethanol), and mineral diesel in various blends (0–100%) with fatty acid methyl esters, rapeseed methyl esters palm oil methyl esters, soybean oil methyl or sunflower oil methyl esters. Type-specific tracer compounds (markers) are identified for the various vehicle/engine/fuel technologies.An important finding is an insignificant effect on the HC fingerprints of varying the test driving cycle, indicating that combining HC fingerprints from different emission studies for receptor modelling purposes would be a robust approach.The obtained results are discussed in the context of atmospheric ozone formation and health implications from emissions (mg km^?1 for LD and mopeds and mg kW h^?1 for HD, all normalised to fuel consumption: mg dm^?3 fuel) of the harmful HCs, benzene and 1,3-butadiene.Another important finding is a strong linear correlation of the regulated “total” hydrocarbon emissions (tot-HC) with the ozone formation potential of the 29 HCs (ΣPO₃ = (1.66 ± 0.04) × tot-RH; r² = 0.93). Tot-HC is routinely monitored in emission control laboratories, whereas C₂–C₉ are not. The revealed strong correlations broadens the usability of data from vehicle emission control laboratories and facilitates the comparison of the ozone formation potential of HCs in exhaust from of old and new vehicle/engine/fuel technologies.     

Result-oriented approaches to the management of drinking water catchments in agricultural landscapes

Management of water quality in drinking water catchments is of ongoing, high importance as nitrate concentrations are often still very high. We analysed the Augsburg catchment in Germany, a unique example where a result-oriented approach has been implemented. We investigated the historical evolution of the water protection programme, the result-oriented payment contracts with farmers, and farmer satisfaction with the contracts, based on interviews with the water utility and farmers as well as an analysis of the literature. Today, the water protection programme has been successfully implemented, and a significant reduction of nitrate concentration was achieved due to the following factors: (1) investment of non-negligible amounts of money for high compensation and remuneration payments, (2) different contract options, (3) farmers’ participation in the negotiation process for result-oriented payment contracts, (4) involvement of “outside” people and institutions in negotiation processes, (5) anticipation of starting a programme when nitrate levels were still far below legislative thresholds, and (6) a political and legislative framework allowing direct decisions by a water supplier.     

环境中类固醇激素与斑马鱼(Danio rerio)体内有机阴离子转运多肽(Oatp1d1)的相互作用

环境中类固醇激素具有很高的生物活性,在水环境中又普遍存在,因而对鱼类健康造成威胁。目前,对鱼体内类固醇激素的吸收过程和毒代动力学知之甚少,特别是其中细胞膜转运体的作用。我们考察了17种内源性和环境中类固醇激素与斑马鱼体内有机阴离子摄取性转运体Oatp1d1的相互作用,Oatp1d1在斑马鱼的肝脏和肾脏中有显著表达。我们选择了不同类别的类固醇激素,包括雄烯二酮(A4)、黄体酮(P4)及其代谢物、糖皮质激素和螺旋内酯甾酮(竞争性抑制萤光黄(Lucifer Yellow, LY)的吸收)。半数抑制效应浓度(IC₅₀)通过S形抑制曲线获得,P4的IC₅₀最小,其他IC₅₀由大到小排列为:17α-羟基黄体酮>丙酸氯倍他索>螺旋内酯甾酮>21-羟基黄体酮>醋酸氟氢可的松和其他的糖皮质激素。类固醇激素的亲脂性与Oatp1d1相互作用的活性呈正相关关系。我们的数据表明不同类别的类固醇激素与Oatp1d1的相互作用活性不同,或为吸收,或为抑制,或吸收和抑制。如此可知类固醇激素会介入内源性底物的转运过程,以致相关的生理过程。同时,类固醇激素可通过竞争性抑制作用改变环境污染物的细胞贩运。 精选自Raffael Alois Willi, Karl Fent. Interaction of environmental steroids with organic anion transporting polypeptide (Oatp1d1) in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry,2018,37:2670-2676.
详情请见 https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.4231
     

Coupling a Detailed Transport Model to the Integrated Assessment Model REMIND

Environmental Modeling & Assessment - The transport sector is a crucial bottleneck in the decarbonization challenge. To study the sector’s decarbonization potential in the wider systems...