Cancer risk from gaseous carbonyl compounds in indoor environment generated from household coal combustion in Xuanwei,China

Airborne carbonyls were characterized from emitted indoor coal combustion. Samples were collected in Xuanwei (Yunnan Province), a region in China with a high rate of lung cancer. Eleven of 19 types of samples (58%) demonstrated formaldehyde concentrations higher than the World Health Organization exposure limit (a 30-min average of 100 μg m^?3). Different positive significant correlations between glyoxal/methylglyoxal and formaldehyde/acetaldehyde concentrations were observed, suggesting possible different characteristics in emissions between two pairs of carbonyl compounds. A sample in the highest inhalation risk shows 29.2 times higher risk than the lowest sample, suggesting different coal sampling locations could contribute to the variation of inhalation risk. Inhabitants in Xuanwei also tend to spend more time cooking and more days per year indoors than the national average. The calculated cancer risk ranged from 2.2–63 × 10^?5, which shows 13 types of samples at high-risk level. Cumulative effect in combination with different carbonyls could have contributed to the additive actual inhalation cancer risk. There is a need to explicitly address the health effects of environmentally relevant doses, considering life-long exposure in indoor dwellings.     

TiO2/g-C3N4在泡沫陶瓷表面的负载及光催化空气净化性能增强

以市售P25(TiO_2)和g-C_3N_4为原料,以多孔氧化铝泡沫陶瓷为载体,进行了负载型光催化组件的设计与环境应用.运用浸渍提拉-热处理法制备负载P25/g-C_3N_4的泡沫陶瓷组件,对其微结构进行了表征测试,并将其应用于空气中NO的去除.结果表明,P25/g-C_3N_4在氧化铝泡沫陶瓷表面负载牢固,P25/g-C_3N_4禁带结构匹配有利于光生电荷的分离.研究了P25/g-C_3N_4比例对光催化性能的影响,当g-C_3N_4占P25的量为30%时,负载组件的光催化性能最佳,对NO的去除率达到79.6%.在5次循环反应后,负载型光催化剂表现出良好的稳定性.本研究为P25/g-C_3N_4复合光催化剂的空气净化应用提供了思路和技术基础.     

我国大气中挥发性有机物的分布特征

大气中挥发性有机物(VOCs)是臭氧和二次有机气溶胶形成的关键前体物之一,研究表明烷烃、烯烃、芳香烃是我国大气VOCs的重要组分。在不同区域,城市地区烷烃含量最高,而偏远地区芳香烃为含量最丰富的VOCs。VOCs浓度日间变化多呈双峰分布趋势,峰值多出现在早晨与傍晚的上下班高峰期。目前对我国臭氧污染事件的研究均表明芳香烃和烯烃是对臭氧生成贡献最大的化合物。VOCs源解析中广泛运用的模型包括CMB、PMF和PCA/APCS,各模型均存在优点和局限性。比较各地VOCs源解析结果,发现交通排放源和工业排放源为我国VOCs的主要人为来源。VOCs的跨区域传输决定与周边地区的合作将是未来空气治理中的发展方向。     

Assessment of Pb uptake, translocation and immobilization in kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) for phytoremediation of sand tailings

The potential of kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) for phytoremediation of lead (Pb) on sand tailings was investigated.A pot experiment employing factorial design with two main effects of fertilizer and lead was conducted in a nursery using sand tailings from an ex-tin mine as the growing medium.Results showed that Pb was found in the root,stem,and seed capsule of kenaf but not in the leaf.Application of organic fertilizer promoted greater biomass yield as well as higher accumulation capacity of Pb.In Pb-spike...     

澳门半岛近岸海域水质时空变异分析

采用聚类分析和判别分析技术对澳门半岛近岸海域22个监测点2000~2005年期间的监测数据进行水质时空分析,旨在识别澳门半岛近岸海域水质时空变化特征,从而为澳门半岛水质监测网络的优化和近岸海域水质的控制提供支持.监测点位取样时间聚类结果可分为6~9月和1~5月、10~12月2组,与传统的4~9月和10~3月的丰、枯水期划分存在差异;按采样点位的空间聚类结果显示,第1组的监测站点都位于西侧,第2组的监测站点都位于东侧和南侧.通过后退式判别分析,表征空间差异性的显著性指标为pH、氯化物、TSS、颜色;表征时间差异性的显著指标为总磷、氯化物、颜色、氨氮、溶解氧、化学需氧量.空间与时间差异性判别的正确率分别达到84.82%和76.57%,显示后退式判别分析具有较好的指标降维能力和判别能力.     

Characterizing ionic species in PM2:5 and PM10 in four Pearl River Delta cities, South China

PM_(2.5)and PM_(10)samples were collected at four major cities in the Pearl River Delta(PRD),South China,during winter and summer in 2002.Six water-soluble ions,Na~ ,NH_4~ ,K~ ,Cl~-,NO_3~- and SO_4~(2-)were measured using ion chromatography.On average,ionic species accounted for 53.3% and 40.5% for PM_(2.5)and PM_(10),respectively in winter and 39.4% and 35.2%,respectively in summer. Secondary ions such as sulfate,nitrate and ammonium accounted for the major part of the total ionic species.Sulfate was the most abundant species followed by nitrate.Overall,a regional pollution tendency was shown that there were higher concentrations of sulfate, nitrate and ammonium in Guangzhou City than those in the other PRD cities.Significant seasonal variations were also observed with higher levels of species in winter but lower in summer.The Asian monsoon system was favorable for removal and diffusion of air pollutants in PRD in summer while highly loading of local industrial emissions tended to deteriorate the air quality as well.NO_3~-/SO_4~(2-) ratio indicated that mobile sources have considerably contribution to the urban aerosol,and stationary sources should not be neglected. Besides the primary emissions,complex atmospheric reactions under favorable weather conditions should be paid more attention for the control of primary emission in the PRD region.     

On eco-planning for an eco-demonstration park (EDP) and sustainability

The background, concept, connotation, principles, and methods of eco-planning for an Eco-Demonstration Park (EDP) and sustainability were examined based on a case study of the Luhua EDP in the Chongming Island of Shanghai, China, which is an important part of Shanghai Eco-city planning and construction in the 21st century. By analyzing natural, social and economic conditions, calculating population using the land capacity eco-model, eco-function zoning, and eco-construction, an innovative eco-industrial structure and technical chain were formulated. A comprehensive eco-planning scheme for the EDP was proposed, including planning and management strategies for subsystems of efficient industry, good quality human settlement, high standard eco-construction and eco-tourism as well as effective environmental protection and attractive landscape. The EDP should be an area with coordinated and sustainable economic, social and environmental subsystems. Eco-planning for the EDP should be a very important part of eco-city planning and sustainability. The paper aims to set up a theoretical framework and practical basis for eco-planning and promoting harmony between human and nature.     

Carbonaceous aerosols in PM10 and pollution gases in winter in Beijing

An intensive observation of organic carbon (OC) and element carbon (EC) in PM10 and gaseous materials (SO2, CO, and O3,) was conducted continuously to assess the characteristics of wintertime carbonaceous aerosols in an urban area of Beijing, China. Results showed that the averaged total carbon (TC) and PM10 concentrations in observation period are 30.2±120.4 and 172.6±198.3 μ/m3, respectively. Average OC concentration in nighttime (24.9±19.6 μ/m3) was 40% higher than that in daytime (17.7±10.9 μ/m3). Average EC concentrations in daytime (8.8±15.2 μ/m3) was close to that in nighttime (8.9±15.1 μ/m3). The OC/EC ratios in nighttime ranging from 2.4 to 2.7 are higher than that in daytime ranging from 1.9 to 2.0. The concentrations of OC, EC, PM10 were low with strong winds and high with weak winds. The OC and EC were well correlated with PM10, CO and SO2, which implies they have similar sources. OC and EC were not well correlated with O3. By considering variation of OC/EC ratios in daytime and night time, correlations between OC and O3, and meteorological condition, we speculated that OC and EC in Beijing PM10 were emitted as the primary particulate form. Emission of motor vehicle with low OC/EC ratio and coal combustion sources with high OC/EC ratio are probably the dominant sources for carbonaceous aerosols in Beijing in winter. A simple method was used to estimate the relative contribution of sources to carbonaceous aerosols in Beijing PM10. Motor vehicle source accounts for 80% and 68%, while coal combustion accounts for 20% and 32% in daytime and nighttime, respectively in Beijing. Averagely, the motor vehicle and coal combustion accounted for 74% and 26%, respectively, for carbonaceous aerosols during the observation period. It points to the motor vehicle is dominant emission for carbonaceous aerosols in Beijing PM10 in winter period, which should be paid attention to control high level of PM10 in Beijing effectively.     

澳门屋面径流特征初步研究

在澳门半岛选取4个屋面汇水区,进行降雨屋面径流水样的收集与水质分析,监测项目包括:pH、浊度、TN、CODCr、TOC、Zn、Pb、Cu、Fe.研究结果表明,生锈铁皮屋的屋面径流水样中Zn平均浓度值超出国家地表水V类标准的2倍以上,TN和CODCr也超出地表水V类标准.屋面材料对屋面径流输出影响显著.从3场降雨事件不同屋面材料的径流水质参数的平均浓度值看,Zn和Pb的浓度排序:铁皮屋面(严重锈蚀)＞铁皮屋面(轻度锈蚀)＞铁皮屋(新油漆)＞混凝土.Pb浓度排序:铁皮屋面(严重锈蚀)＞铁皮屋面(轻度锈蚀)＞铁皮屋(新油漆)＞混凝土.而其它水质参数,如CODCr、TOC、TN,铁皮屋面的浓度值均大于混凝土.屋面径流排污规律和污染物浓度输出具有不确定性,且受降雨干期长度和降雨强度等因素的综合影响.     

智慧电表设施的节能减排效益评估

智慧电表基础设施（Advanced Metering Infrastructure, AMI）通过电力数据采集、分析和管理,可以优化电力供求平衡.由于AMI的建设需要巨额投资,如何评估AMI建成后节省的电量和减少的碳排放量是目前面临的一个挑战.本研究以香港为例,通过现场测量和分析不同地区不同环境条件下AMI的效能,同时基于研究区块类型、AMI的覆盖率、发电燃料组合结构、参与AMI的人口比例和相关价格激励机制等因素,建立了一套数学模式,量化评估AMI建成后节能减排的成效.结果显示,只要超过70%的人口参与,就可以实现香港政府原先制定的减少碳排放量19%～33%的目标.