南方典型水源地及水产养殖区抗生素的复合污染特征及生态风险

抗生素作为生长促进剂和疾病预防控制药物在水产养殖领域得到广泛应用,目前在许多环境水体中检测到不同类型的抗生素。环境中抗生素的残留问题也是目前环境研究的热点问题之一。本研究选择南方某市8个水源地和5个典型水产养殖区作为研究对象,采用固相萃取、高效液相色谱串联三重四级杆质谱联用仪方法,调查了32种常用抗生素在水体中的含量水平和空间分布特征,揭示了抗生素的来源,并对其生态风险进行了评价。水源地共检出12种抗生素,浓度范围为0.12～44.6 ng·L~(-1),以磺胺甲噁唑含量最高;水产养殖区检出14种抗生素,浓度范围为0.95～716 ng·L~(-1),以氯四环素检出浓度最高。整体上水产养殖区抗生素的浓度高于水源地。抗生素浓度与环境因子的冗余分析表明,水产养殖和生活污水排放是水体中抗生素的主要来源。对检出的13种抗生素进行生态风险评价,单一抗生素而言,环丙沙星、氧氟沙星、磺胺嘧啶、氯四环素和脱水红霉素的风险商值大于0.01而小于0.1,表现为低风险。总抗生素风险商值加和在大部分水源地大于0.01而小于0.1,表现为低风险;总抗生素风险商值加和在2个水产养殖区大于0.1,表现为中等风险,水产养殖区抗生素的长期生态风险应该引起关注。     

基于高通量分析方法的长江干流重庆段抗生素种类特征及来源初探

采用高通量分析方法对长江干流重庆段11个流域断面、2个市政污水处理厂进水和6个养殖场废水的潜在抗生素进行筛查,并结合抗生素使用调查探讨其来源。结果表明,(1)共检出83种抗生素,其中流域内检出36种,污水处理厂和养殖场废水中检出70种;磺胺间甲氧嘧啶检出率最高,在流域水体和废水的检出率分别为91%和55%,喹诺酮类是检出抗生素的主要类型;(2)长江干流重庆段下游检出抗生素数量高于上游检出抗生素;(3)有20种抗生素可能由上游携带和重庆市内排放2种方式进入流域,7种抗生素可能由上游携带入境,9种抗生素可能由重庆市内排放引入长江。     

电气伤亡事故的主客体场景指标设计及统计规律

为合理预防控制电气伤亡事故的发生提供依据，通过检索查阅国内外相关文献和政府网站公布的电气伤亡事故和案例情况描述，选取105起典型电气伤亡事故案例进行统计与分析；针对电气伤亡事故涉及的主客体场景要素，对其进行筛选、分类、排序及指标设计，形成系统的电气伤亡事故指标体系；结合现实情况对统计结果进行原因分析，根据统计结果，得到电气伤亡事故发生的一般规律，据此提出安全管理中需要关注与重视之处，以此来预防电气伤亡事故的发生。     

High zinc removal from water and soil using struvite-supported diatomite obtained by nitrogen and phosphate recovery from wastewater

Zinc is known as an essential element of human life. However, excessive zinc discharge into water and soil causes water pollution, leading to serious health issues such as septicemia, meningitis and iron-deficiency anemia. Here, a novel material made of struvite-supported diatomite was obtained from eutrophic water treated by mesoporous MgO-modified diatomite. This material was applied for zinc remediation in aqueous solutions and contaminated soils to test the reuse of P-containing products. Struvite-supported diatomite was characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. Results show that the maximum removal efficiency of Zn(II) from wastewater streams reached 90.54% at an initial pH of 5 and struvite-supported diatomite dosage of 0.3 g/L. Moreover, the X-ray diffraction patterns of precipitates after Zn(II) sorption show that the combination between zinc and the phosphate group played a key role for zinc removal in solution. For Zn-contaminated soils amended with 10% struvite-supported diatomite, available Zn decreased by 65.38% and acid soluble Zn decreased by 56.9% after 56 days.     

湖泊沉积物质量基准研究进展

当前湖泊沉积物污染问题日益引起广泛关注,建立切实可行的沉积物环境质量基准,是对受污染沉积物进行科学评价和有效治理的重要前提。本论文介绍了沉积物质量基准的概念和国内外在该领域的最新研究进展,阐述了建立沉积物质量基准的主要方法,并对当前沉积物质量基准存在的关键问题和未来研究前景进行了分析。作者认为,当前亟待开展复合污染条件下的沉积物环境质量基准研究,应注重数值型沉积物质量基准和生物响应型沉积物质量基准的有机结合,加快建立沉积物毒性试验的标准方法体系,加强沉积物污染物的赋存形态与迁移转化规律研究,探索建立符合我国区域特点的沉积物质量基准理论、技术和方法体系,提高沉积物质量基准的准确性、针对性和适用性。     

纳米碳化钨对斑马鱼胚胎发育的影响

为评价纳米碳化钨的水生态毒理效应,以模式生物斑马鱼胚胎为研究对象,观察了纳米碳化钨对斑马鱼胚胎发育的影响.结果表明,<2g/L的纳米碳化钨悬液对斑马鱼胚胎的正常发育和成活没有任何影响.在3g/L的极高浓度下,纳米碳化钨处理24~96h导致31%的幼鱼出现各种发育畸形,33%的幼鱼死亡,但仍有36%的幼鱼发育和活动均正常.通过与受精后5h及30h开始纳米碳化钨暴露的实验组相比,发现受精后24h是斑马鱼胚胎对纳米碳化钨处理最敏感的时期.胚胎卵膜的人工提前去除可以削弱纳米碳化钨对斑马鱼胚胎发育的不良影响.     

Removal of humic acid from aqueous solution by cetylpyridinium bromide modified zeolite

Natural zeolite was modified by loading cetylpyridinium bromide (CPB) to create more e cient sites for humic acid (HA) adsorption. The natural and CPB modified zeolites were characterized with X-ray di raction, field emission scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and elemental analysis. The e ects of various experimental parameters such as contact time, initial HA concentration, solution pH and coexistent Ca2+, upon HA adsorption onto CPB modified zeolites were evaluated. The results showed that natural zeolite had negligible a nity for HA in aqueous solutions, but CPB modified zeolites exhibited high adsorption e ciency for HA. A higher CPB loading on natural zeolites exhibited a larger HA adsorption capacity. Acidic pH and coexistent Ca2+ were proved to be favorable for HA adsorption onto CPB modified zeolite. The kinetic process was well described by pseudo second-order model. The experimental isotherm data fitted well to Langmuir and Sips models. The maximum monolayer adsorption capacity of CPB modified zeolite with surfactant bilayer coverage was found to be 92.0 mg/g.     

输电线路除冰技术的研究

目前,如何对覆冰输电线路进行融冰、除冰以降低冰灾损失仍是世界性的技术难题,通常的融冰措施可分为热融冰、机械除冰及自然脱冰。该文分别简要阐述了这三类措施,并对每一类方法中具有代表性的或较新颖的融冰方法进行了介绍,同时分析了各方案的利弊及应用范围,并介绍了国际上在此领域的一些新的研究成果。