植物种类与水力负荷对人工湿地去除污染物的交互作用

人工湿地去污效能不仅受水力负荷(HL)影响,还与植物种类有关。为研究这2种因素对污染物去除的交互作用,根据植物根系长度,分别构建短根型、中根型及长根型植物潜流人工湿地中试系统,在运行稳定后,考察不同植物种类在不同水力负荷(152、230、305和460 mm/d)下的去污效果。结果表明:植物种类对COD去除率的影响差别不显著,对氮磷去除率有显著影响,且去除率符合长根型 > 中根型 > 短根型;水力负荷对COD、TN、NH4+-N和TP的去除均有显著影响,随着水力负荷减小去除率均逐渐升高;植物种类与水力负荷的交互作用对各污染物去除率均有显著影响,且受水力负荷影响较大,TN、NH4+-N的去除在水力负荷较小时交互作用较明显,COD去除的最优HL为230 mm/d。因此,在人工湿地设计时应考虑植物种类与水力负荷的交互作用。     

基于GeoDA的江苏省长江总磷空间关联度分析研究

利用地理空间分析方法和空间分析软件,采用2006年-2015年江苏省长江10个干流和45个入江支流监测点位的总磷浓度数据的年平均值,分析了江苏省长江干流和支流总磷浓度的空间相关性及其时空演变特征.分析发现长江总磷污染呈现全局正相关,相关指数总体呈现先减小后增加的趋势,直至2015年增至最大,干流总磷污染的重心先向西北后向西南移动,支流总磷污染的重心先向西北再向东南移动,重心移动幅度不大,并且二者均有向北面移动的趋势,同时移动幅度接近,长江干流总磷污染与支流的汇入是密不可分的.     

湿法烟道气脱硫脱硝反应动力学

近年来,发展的同时脱硫脱硝方法,是借助于氧化不容易溶解的NO到容易溶解的NO_2,或者利用水溶性亚铁螯合物作为一种催化剂加速NO的吸收,也就是亚铁螯合物能够与NO形成一个络合物而促进NO的吸收。或者应用水溶液中NO_x被溶解的SO_2还原形成N_2,N_2O或还原到氮化物如NOH(SO_3~(2-)_2、 NH_2SO_3~-和NH_4~+而除去,而SO_2被氧化生成硫酸盐。本文综述了湿法烟道气脱硫脱硝反应动力学和机理以及一些中间化合物形成与消失的过程。     

石油化工厂区土壤中总石油烃分布的研究

为了进行石油化工厂区地下环境的现场评估，利用气相色谱法（EPA8015B）对其土壤中总石油烃（TPHs)进行了测定，测定结果以柴油范围的有机物（DRO）和润滑油范围的有机物（ORO）表示。结果表明：土壤各层DRO检出率在58％－72％之间，ORO检出率在82％－89％之间，大多数检出点位的DRO、ORO含量小于500mg/kg；个别点位的DRO、ORO高达30000mg/kg。     

Distribution,source, and environmental risk assessment of phthalate esters (PAEs) in water,suspended particulate matter,and sediment of a typical Yangtze River Delta City,China

Phthalates (PAEs) in drinking water sources such as the Yangtze River in developing countries had aroused widespread concern. Here, the water, suspended particulate matter (SPM), and sediment samples were collected from 15 sites in wet and dry seasons in Zhenjiang, for the determination of six PAEs (DMP, DEP, DIBP, DBP, DEHP, and DOP) using the solid-phase extraction (SPE) or ultrasonic extraction coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The total concentrations of six PAEs (Σ₆PAEs) spanned a range of 2.65–39.31 μg L^?1 in water, 1.97–34.10 μg g^?1 in SPM, and 0.93–34.70 μg g^?1 in sediment. The partition coefficients (K_d1) of PAEs in water and SPM phase ranged from 0.004 to 3.36 L g^?1 in the wet season and from 0.12 to 2.84 L g^?1 in the dry season. K_d2 of PAEs in water and sediment phase was 0.001–9.75 L g^?1 in the wet season and 0.006–8.05 L g^?1 in the dry season. The dominant PAEs were DIBP, DBP, and DEHP in water and SPM, DIBP, DEHP, and DOP in sediment. The concentration of DBP in water exceeded the China Surface Water Standard. The discharge of domestic sewage and industrial wastewater might be the main potential sources of PAEs. The risk quotient (RQ) method used for the risk assessment revealed that DBP (0.01 < RQ < 1) posed a medium risk, while DIBP and DEHP (RQ > 1) posed a high environmental risk in water, DIBP (RQ > 1) also showed a high risk in sediment.

     

Influence of metal ion on sorption of p-nitrophenol onto sediment in the presence of cetylpyridinium chloride

Heavy metals and surfactants have a significant effect on the sorption of organic contaminants. In this study, batch equilibrium experiments were carried out to investigate the influence of Pb(NO(3))(2) on the sorption of p-nitrophenol (PNP) onto sediments in the presence of cationic surfactant cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC). Results indicated that in the complex system containing PNP, Pb(NO(3))(2) and CPC, the sorption of PNP decreased with increasing concentration of Pb(NO(3))(2) due primarily to competing for adsorption sites. Likewise, partitioning of PNP in adsorbed surfactant layers and micelles decreased with increasing level of Pb(NO(3))(2). Moreover, the influence of different metal ions (Pb(2+), Cd(2+), Zn(2+)) was examined and results indicated that the presence of heavy metals inhibited the sorption of PNP in the order: Pb(2+)>Cd(2+)>Zn(2+). The competitive effect of the heavy metals was in agreement with the hydration energy and hydrated radius. The results are believed to provide a useful insight into describing the transport and fate of PNP in natural environments.     

Regulatory effects of dioxin-like and non-dioxin-like PCBs and other AhR ligands on the antioxidant enzymes paraoxonase 1/2/3

Paraoxonase 1 (PON1), an antioxidant enzyme, is believed to play a critical role in many diseases, including cancer. PCBs are widespread environmental contaminants known to induce oxidative stress and cancer and to produce changes in gene expression of various pro-oxidant and antioxidant enzymes. Thus, it appeared of interest to explore whether PCBs may modulate the activity and/or gene expression of PON1 as well. In this study, we compared the effects of dioxin-like and non-dioxin-like PCBs and of various aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) ligands on PON1 regulation and activity in male and female Sprague-Dawley rats. Our results demonstrate that (i) the non-dioxin-like PCB154, PCB155, and PCB184 significantly reduced liver and serum PON1 activities, but only in male rats; (ii) the non-dioxin-like PCB153, the most abundant PCB in many matrices, did not affect PON1 messenger RNA (mRNA) level in the liver but significantly decreased serum PON1 activity in male rats; (iii) PCB126, an AhR ligand and dioxin-like PCB, increased both PON1 activities and gene expression; and (iv) even though three tested AhR ligands induced CYP1A in several tissues to a similar extent, they displayed differential effects on the three PONs and AhR, i.e., PCB126 was an efficacious inducer of PON1, PON2, PON3, and AhR in the liver, while 3-methylcholantrene induced liver AhR and lung PON3, and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), the most potent AhR agonist, increased only PON3 in the lung, at the doses and exposure times used in these studies. These results show that PCBs may have an effect on the antioxidant protection by paraoxonases in exposed populations and that regulation of gene expression through AhR is highly diverse.     

Monitoring and evaluation of antibiotic resistance genes in three rivers in northeast China

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) have become an important public health problem. In this study, we used metagenomic sequencing to analyze the...     

Internally mixed sea salt, soot, and sulfates at Macao, a coastal city in South China

Direct observation of the mixing state of aerosol particles in a coastal urban city is critical to understand atmospheric processing and hygroscopic growth in humid air. Morphology, composition, and mixing state of individual aerosol particles from Macao, located south of the Pearl River Delta (PRD) and 100 km west of Hong Kong, were investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry (TEM/EDX). SEM images show that soot and roughly spherical particles are prevalent in the samples. Based on the compositions of individual aerosol particles, aerosol particles with roughly spherical shape are classified into coarse Na-rich and fine S-rich particles. TEM/EDX indicates that each Na-rich particle consists of a Na-S core and NaNO3 shell. Even in the absence of heavy pollution, the marine sea salt particles were completely depleted in chloride, and Na-related sulfates and nitrates were enriched in Macao air. The reason could be that SO2 from the polluted PRD and ships in the South China Sea and NO2 from vehicles in the city sped up the chlorine depletion in sea salt through heterogeneous reactions. Fresh soot particles from vehicular emissions mainly occur near curbside. However, there are many aged soot particles in the sampling site surrounded by main roads 200 to 400 m away, suggesting that the fresh soot likely underwent a quick aging. Overall, secondary nitrates and sulfates internally mixed with soot and sea salt particles can totally change their surface hygroscopicity in coastal cities.