土地利用变化驱动下的上海市区水灾灾情模拟

对上海市区近50年来的土地利用结构变化进行了重建，并计算了由土地利用变化引起的上海市区水位变化量。以特定的1962年水灾为参照，模拟在同等雨强情况下，由土地利用结构变化和地面沉降引起的淹没范围的变化以及由此带来的水灾损失的变化。结果表明，在49mm／d降水条件下，由于土地利用的变化，使2001年的径流系数比1950年增大了34．0％，2001年的水位比1950年增高了45．9％；2001年的水灾灾情为1950年的1．0629倍；即使在目前千年一遇的防洪标准下，亦可造成相当于2001年地均GDP值0．088％(约为4．5亿元人民币)的损失，这是1991年相应数值的220倍。     

成渝经济区矿产资源开发对其生态环境影响评价

文章以成渝经济区为研究区,根据成渝经济区矿产资源开发和生态环境特点,综合运用RS和GIS技术,结合研究区矿产资源总体规划、生态功能区划、生物多样性保护、自然保护区、水源涵养、土壤保持、生态脆弱区分区等数据,采用空间图层叠加法,分析矿产资源开发利用对生态环境的影响,进一步分析了未来矿产资源的开发对区域主要生态屏障的水源涵养、土壤保持、生物多样性保护等生态功能的影响,并提出针对性的生态环境保护对策措施。     

我国可持续发展中的绿色技术体系

本文在剖析绿色技术的概念内涵与特征的基础上,构建了由清洁生产技术、资源化技术、末端治理技术、生态农业技术、绿色食品技术、清洁消费技术与生态恢复技术等为主要内容的我国绿色技术体系,并从行政、经济、法律、教育及科研等五个方面阐述了促进我国可持续发展的绿色技术实施策略。     

中国环保事业的回顾与展望

1970年至现在的30年,中国的环境保护事业大致经历了三个阶段:1970年至1978年,是中国环境保护的萌芽和起步阶段;1979年至1991年,是中国环境保护的奠基和成长阶段;1992年至现在,是中国环境保护的发展和壮大阶段。本文对中国环保事业的发展历程进行了回顾和论述,在此基础上,展望了环境保护的前景,抒发了梦想与期待。     

Applying a new method for direct collection,volume quantification and determination of N2 emission from water

The emission of N2 is important to remove excess N from lakes, ponds, and wetlands. To investigate the gas emission from water, Gao et al.(2013) developed a new method using a bubble trap device to collect gas samples from waters. However, the determination accuracy of sampling volume and gas component concentration was still debatable. In this study, the method was optimized for in situ sampling, accurate volume measurement and direct injection to a gas chromatograph for the analysis of N2 and other gases. By the optimized new method, the recovery rate for N2 was 100.28% on average; the mean coefficient of determination(R2) was 0.9997; the limit of detection was 0.02%. We further assessed the effects of the new method, bottle full of water, vs. vacuum bag and vacuum vial methods, on variations of N2 concentration as influenced by sample storage times of 1,2, 3, 5, and 7 days at constant temperature of 15°C, using indices of averaged relative peak area(%) in comparison with the averaged relative peak area of each method at 0 day.The indices of the bottle full of water method were the lowest(99.5%–108.5%) compared to the indices of vacuum bag and vacuum vial methods(119%–217%). Meanwhile, the gas chromatograph determination of other gas components(O2, CH4, and N2O) was also accurate. The new method was an alternative way to investigate N2 released from various kinds of aquatic ecosystems.     

Comprehensive Assessment and Promotion Policy of Producer Services’ Competitiveness in Beijing City:A Comparative Analysis among Beijing,Tianjin,Shanghai,Guangzhou and Shenzhen

The five central cities-Beijing,Tianjin,Shanghai,Guangzhou and Shenzhen-of the three most important strategic regions in China,namely Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei metropolitan region,the Yangtze River Delta and the Pearl River Delta,are taken as a comparative analysis on urban producer services’ competitiveness,especially focusing on the comparative advantages and disadvantages of producer services in Beijing.Firstly,based on an integrated indicator system including one objective hierarchy,four standard hierarchies and 35 indicator hierarchies,the study applies factor analysis model and analytic hierarchy process model reformed by entropy technology to measure the comprehensive competitiveness of producer services in the above five cities.Secondly,Beijing has comparative advantages of capital resource,industrial base,scientific research resource and market scale,since it takes the first place of the five cities in the comprehensive competitiveness of producer services,the competitiveness of industrial development,business environment and living environment,only inferior to Shanghai in the competitiveness of talent capital.Thirdly,Beijing has comparative disadvantages in the level of producer services development,urban innovation capability and living environment.Finally,five proposals are put forth to enhance the competitiveness of producer services in Beijing,namely perfecting the system of laws and statutes,supporting the development of industry association,implementing scientific development planning,introducing preferential fiscal and taxation policies and strengthening human capital reserve.     

耕地不同产量水平的面积与分布监测法

查清中低产田的面积、分布与开发条件是制定农业综台开发规划的重要依据。采用按公里网布设的农业资源动态监测系统,开展对耕地不同产量水平的面积与分布的动态监测,其方法具有准确、简便和实用的特点。     

铅锌冶炼厂土壤污染及重金属富集植物的研究

对株洲市铅锌冶炼厂生产区进行了植被和土壤调查。结果表明，该厂土壤污染以镉铅锌(Cd、Pb、Zn)最为严重，尤其是重金属镉在土壤中含量超过背景值高达208倍，分析原因主要是由于大气尘降和雨水淋洗等使得污染加重。实验采集并分析测定了9种植物中重金属富集量，首次报道了土荆芥是一种铅超富集植物，其体内Pb质量分数高达3888mg／kg。另一种植物商陆能大量富集镉，具有地下部向地上部转运能力强、生物量大、富集总量高的特点，有很大研究价值和应用潜力。另外，荨麻对Zn有较强富集能力，这3种植物可分别用于铅、镉和锌等3种重金属污染土壤的植物修复。     

环境成本核算研究的进展

环境成本核算作为环境管理的基础工作，在绿色国民经济核算体系构建，在涉及环境费用效益分析，在制定适当的环境标准、环境收费等政策时发挥着重要作用。在陈述环境成本的定义和分类以及国内外环境成本核算研究过程的基础上，指出可持续发展理论、总成本理论、外部性和边际机会成本理论以及基于SEEA核算体系的环境成本计量理论是环境成本核算的四大理论支柱，并对环境成本核算方法的研究进行了总结与分析。阐明了研究队伍综合化、宏观核算微观化、核算方法科学化是环境成本核算研究的发展趋势，时空范围的处理、环境服务产出的处理、内部环保外部化处理是环境成本核算研究的难点与热点问题。     

铜陵矿区土壤中镉存在形态及生物有效性

采取Tessier连续提取法，研究铜陵矿区不同功能区表层土壤中镉的化学形态分布和生物有效性。结果表明，各种土壤中的镉含量全部高于地区背景值，主要来源与矿业活动有关，部分样品还有矿体的风化富集叠加，土壤镉污染指数PCd为1．15～79。镉含量依次为矿体风化土壤→废矿堆下垫土→市郊菜地土→矿区铜草土、路边土和稻田土→其它土壤。其形态分布，酸性土壤中以Fe-Mn氧化态和可交换态为主，其余三态相对较低；碱性土壤中有机态和残渣态比例较高，碳酸盐态和可交换态所占的比例低。土壤中生物可利用态镉的含量较高，占土壤总镉的60．20%-98．3％，生物不可利用态仅占1．7％-39．2％。