含油污泥固化处理后油的迁移研究

利用紫外分光光度计和索氏抽提器,研究了温度、土壤含水率以及水泥与污泥的不同比例等因素在不同时间对含油污泥固化后油迁移的影响。试验结果表明:对于强度为3.84MPa的污泥固化块,油的迁移量从240h迁移6.8mg变为480h迁移178mg,之后变化较小。在20℃～30℃时,随着温度的增加,迁移量从6.8mg增加到20.6mg,超过30℃以后迁移量的增幅变小。水泥与污泥的比例从1∶0.8增加到1∶1.4,油的迁移量从256mg降到27.2mg,之后未检测到。960h后,迁移量达到348mg,此时土壤中油含量为1.16%,在环境的自净作用下,土壤能完全容纳;强度大于9.56MPa时未检测到油。这表明用固化法处理油田含油污泥是安全可靠的。     

节水灌溉与控释肥施用对太湖地区稻田土壤氮素渗漏流失的影响

在太湖流域采用田间小区试验研究了干湿交替节水灌溉与控释肥(控释BB肥与树脂包膜尿素)施用对稻田30 cm深土壤渗漏水总氮(TN)、铵态氮(NH+4-N)、硝态氮(NO-3-N)和亚硝态氮(NO-2-N)浓度的动态变化及氮素淋失的影响.结果表明:各处理渗漏水TN、NH+4-N和NO-2-N浓度均在施肥后10 d内达到高峰,然后逐渐下降.渗漏水氮素以NH+4-N(0.22~15.15 mg·L-1)为主,平均占TN 70.1%,NO-3-N(0.10~0.95 mg·L-1)占TN比例较低,平均为13.0%,NO-2-N(0~0.24 mg·L-1)平均仅占TN 1.3%.与淹灌相比,节灌对稻田渗漏水氮素浓度及各氮素占总氮的比例影响不大,但降低了14.2%的渗漏水量和9.4%的TN淋失量.施氮显著提高了渗漏水氮素浓度以及NH+4-N和NO-2-N占TN的比例.控释BB肥和树脂包膜尿素较常规尿素处理水稻全生育期渗漏水TN平均浓度分别降低10.2%和43.3%,TN淋失量分别降低26.1%和39.5%.综上,干湿交替节灌结合树脂包膜尿素施用有利于降低氮素渗漏损失,促进农田面源污染减排.     

Surface clogging process modeling of suspended solids during urban stormwater aquifer recharge

Aquifer recharge,which uses urban stormwater,is an effective technique to control the negative effects of groundwater overexploitation,while clogging problems in infiltration systems remain the key restricting factor in broadening its practice.Quantitative understanding of the clogging process is still very poor.A laboratory study was conducted to understand surface physical clogging processes,with the primary aim of developing a model for predicting suspended solid clogging processes before aquifer recharge projects start.The experiments investigated the clogging characteristics of different suspended solid sizes in recharge water by using a series of one-dimensional fine quartz sand columns.The results showed that the smaller the suspended particles in recharge water,the farther the distance of movement and the larger the scope of clogging in porous media.Clogging extents in fine sand were 1 cm,for suspended particle size ranging from 0.075 to 0.0385 mm,and 2 cm,for particles less than 0.0385 mm.In addition,clogging development occurred more rapidly for smaller suspended solid particles.It took 48,42,and 36 hr respectively,for large-,medium-,and small-sized particles to reach pre-determined clogging standards.An empirical formula and iteration model for the surface clogging evolution process were derived.The verification results obtained from stormwater recharge into fine sand demonstrated that the model could reflect the real laws of the surface clogging process.     

长江口疏浚土掩埋对两种贝类存活的影响

疏浚土处置产生的土丘状浮泥,会掩埋原有底质,底栖生物被掩埋后或死亡,或垂直向迁移重新获得生存机会,而使底栖生物群落得以重建.为评价疏浚土掩埋对底栖生物存活的潜在影响,采用长江口深水航道工程疏浚土模拟掩埋尖紫蛤(Sanguinolaria acuta)、文蛤(Meretrix meretrix),观测两种贝类对不同埋深的反应及其存活情况.结果表明,文蛤和尖紫蛤被掩埋后均表现出垂向迁移行为,文蛤比尖紫蛤表现出了更强的垂向迁移能力,当掩埋深度为8cm时,可100%迁移至疏浚土表层,获得存活机会,而尖紫蛤仅50%左右个体的进出水管伸出疏浚土表层;疏浚土掩埋深度与尖紫蛤死亡率之间有极其显著正相关关系(R2=0.967,P=0.007<0.01),并求得4d-LC50为6.9cm,95%置信区间5.2~8.6cm.试验所设置掩埋深度与文蛤死亡率之间没有表现出显著相关关系,难以通过统计方法获得文蛤的4d-LC50;借鉴毒理学中推定LOEC(最低有影响深度)的方法,推定文蛤的LOED为10cm.研究表明,疏浚土处置后的沉积厚度对底栖动物种群的存亡具有决定性作用,而底栖动物在被掩埋后表现出的垂向迁移能力大小也可影响自身种群及处置区整个底栖动物群落的最终重建几率,并且积极的管理策略对底栖群落重建意义重大.表4图1参22     

长江口及邻近海域富营养化趋势分析及与环境因子关系

依据2007-2009年春、夏季在长江口及邻近海域（包括长江口、杭州湾和舟山渔场）的调查监测资料,采用富营养指数法、潜在性富营养化法和有机污染指数法对该海域的富营养化状况、时空分布特征及与环境因子的关系进行了分析评价。富营养指数法计算结果表明：富营养化覆盖比例很高,达到70%以上;在春季,该海域的富营养化程度呈现上升趋势,所占比例从2007年的77.0%上升到2009年的89.8%,在夏季最低达到89.3%,最高到100.0%。3年来,富营养化在春、夏2季基本上处于逐年增加趋势,富营养化趋势越来越明显。在春季富营养指数平面分布呈由近岸向远海逐渐递减的趋势,梯度分布明显,其中,杭州湾富营养化情况较严重;夏季其平面分布与春季类似,但长江口和杭州湾两个水域的富营养指数的等值线都比较密集,夏季的富营养化情况较为严重。潜在性富营养化法计算结果表明：该海域富营养级主要集中在III级（富营养）和V P级（磷中等限制潜在性富营养）;春、夏2季时,长江口V P级所占比例均从0.0%增加到66.7%,受磷限制性富营养化程度越来越高。另外,营养盐结构显示,N/P比值从9.1到50.9,营养盐比例明显不平衡,势必影响浮游生物的生长。有机污染指数法计算结果表明：该海域有机污染指数主要处于5级（重污染）,水质污染严重;长江口春、夏2季5级的比例均从50.0%分别上升到83.3%和100.0%,杭州湾分别从60.0%和80.0%均上升到100.0%;舟山渔场分别从22.2%和66.7上升到66.7%和77.7%,说明受污染程度逐年上升。另外,3年来春、夏2季长江口有机污染指数达5级的占50%以上,杭州湾60%以上,舟山渔场20%以上,杭州湾受污染情况最为严重,其次是长江口,舟山渔场最小。在春、夏2季有机污染平面分布表现为污染程度从西向东、从北向南逐渐降低?     

Characterization of soil low-molecular-weight organic acids in the Karst rocky desertification region of Guizhou Province, China

Soil low-molecular-weight (LMW) organic acids play important roles in the soil-forming process and the cycling of nutrients in Karst regions. In this study, we quantified the contents of LMW organic acids (including lactate, acetate, formate, malate, and oxalate) in soil solution over the Karst region of Guizhou Province, China using ion chromatography. The concentration of total LMW organic acids in topsoil solution ranged from 0.358 to 1.823 μmol·g^-1, with an average of 0.912 μmol·g^-1. The mean concentrations of lactate, acetate, formate, malate, and oxalate were 0.212±0.089, 0.302±0.228, 0.301±0.214, 0.014±0.018 and 0.086±0.118 μmol·g^-1, respectively. There were also significant difference in the contents of these acids among four phases of rocky desertification, and their concentrations decreased with the aggravation of rocky desertification. The concentrations of the LMW organic acids were significantly positive correlated each other. Significant positive correlations were also observed among individual LMW organic acids in soil solution, and between them and soil available P, available K, exchangeable Ca, respectively. Furthermore, the concentrations of LMW organic acids were significantly positively correlated with inorganic anions (chlorides, nitrates, and sulfates) in Karst topsoil solution. Therefore, the concentrations of soil LMW organic acids might be one of driving force in the Karst rock desertification process in Guizhou Province.     

氨氮对中华绒螯蟹仔蟹肝组织RNA/DNA及肝细胞结构的影响

以中华绒螯蟹（Eriocheir sinesis）仔蟹为研究对象。采用静水试验法,温度在20℃左右,用氨氮与过滤海水分设5个质量浓度组（2.04、6.35、9.04、11.75和19.13 mg.L-1）,同时以过滤海水为对照组（氨氮质量浓度为0.30 mg.L-1）,每一个质量浓度组设3个平行样本,对中华绒螯蟹仔蟹进行6 d胁迫试验。每2 d观察仔蟹的蜕壳情况,并分别于实验后的2、4和6 d取仔蟹肝组织样,应用激光共聚焦技术分析测定RNA/DNA荧光相素比,同时用透射电镜观察6 d后,最高浓度组和对照组仔蟹肝细胞结构的变化情况。试验结果表明;对于氨氮的胁迫,仔蟹的变态率随染毒浓度的增高而降低,同时变态蜕壳的时间也会产生延迟现象。氨氮的胁迫会引起仔蟹的肝组织细胞内的DNA和RNA的质量分数逐渐降低,导致RNA/DNA比率的不断下降。在高质量浓度氨氮的胁迫下,使得仔蟹肝细胞线粒体部分解体、胞质空泡化和染色质浓缩、转运泡数量增多,体积增大,细胞出现许多空泡和微绒毛消失等一系列的损伤变化。破坏了仔蟹自身机能正常的代谢和生长水平。     

长江口浮游植物分布情况及与径流关系的初步探讨

利用2004—2008年5月（春季）和8月（夏季）共10个季度月航次调查资料,结合同时期长江口径流量的数据,研究了长江口海域浮游植物的分布特征、及其受长江径流影响的关系。分布情况的结果显示：同一年中,夏季调查航次鉴定的浮游植物种类数明显多于春季的种类数;浮游植物数量的基本趋势逐年增加,其中2008年调查航次的浮游植物数量急剧暴发;同时生物多样性指数呈逐年下降趋势,海域水质污染程度日趋严重。对浮游植物与长江口径流量的关系分析得到：拟合长江口5、8月平均径流量与对应调查航次的浮游植物数量呈正相关的幂函数关系,径流量与浮游植物多样度呈负相关的指数函数关系,径流量与浮游植物优势种数量百分比呈正相关的幂函数关系,关系都明显显著。其中长江口径流量的输入对优势种尤其是近岸低盐性的中肋骨条藻（Skeletonema costatum）分布有着决定性的影响;长江径流把大量的N、P等无机营养物质携带入海,导致长江口水域严重富营养化,造成长江口海域的局部区域频发赤潮。     

Effect of composting process on phytotoxicity and speciation of copper, zinc and lead in sewage sludge and swine manure

The concentration and bioavailability of heavy metals in composted organic wastes have negative environmental impacts following land application. Aerobic composting procedures were conducted to investigate the influences of selected parameters on heavy metal speciation and phytotoxicity. Results showed that both of sewage sludge (SSC) and swine manure (SMC) composting systems decreased the pH, the content of organic matter (OM) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and total amounts of Cu, Zn and Pb. Sequential extraction showed that readily extractible fractions of exchangeable and carbonate in Cu and Zn increased during SSC composting but decreased during SMC composting, thus their bioavailability factors (BF) enhanced in SSC but declined in SMC. The fraction of reducible iron and manganese (FeMnOX) of Cu and Zn in SSC and FeMnOX-Cu in SMC decreased, but FeMnOX-Zn in SMC gradually increased in the process of compost. In contrast, the changes of Pb distributions were similar in two organic wastes. Pb was preferentially bound to the residual fraction and its BF decreased. The evolution of heavy metal distributions and BF depended on not only total metal concentrations but also the other properties, such as pH, decomposition of OM and decline of DOC. The germination rate (RSG), root growth (RRG) and germination index (GI) of pakchoi (Brassica Chinensis L.) increased during the composting process. Linear regression analysis demonstrated that GI, which could represent phytotoxic behavior to the plants, could be poorly predicted by BF or total amount of metals, i.e., BF-Zn, T-Cu. However, the inclusion of other physicochemical parameters (pH, OM and DOC) could enhance the linear regression significances (R).     

木粉/壳聚糖接枝丙烯酸-丙烯酰胺吸附树脂对二元重金属离子溶液中Pb^2＋的吸附

采用自制木粉/壳聚糖接枝丙烯酸-丙烯酰胺吸附树脂R1、R2、R3对二元金属离子Cu2＋/Pb2＋和Zn2＋/Pb2＋溶液中的吸附性能进行了较系统考察。Pb2＋离子溶液中存在竞争离子Cu2＋、Zn2＋时,随竞争离子浓度增加,3种吸附树脂R1、R2、R3对Pb2＋的吸附量明显下降,而竞争离子吸附量显著增加。二元溶液中各金属离子浓度相同时,3种树脂对竞争离子Cu2＋、Zn2＋的吸附量大于对Pb2＋的吸附量;各溶液中分别加入NaCl及NaNO3、尿素后,对Pb2＋离子的吸附量下降迅速。随吸附树脂用量增加,竞争离子Cu2＋、Zn2＋的吸附量逐渐减小,Pb2＋的吸附量在吸附树脂用量0.10 g/L（Zn2＋/Pb2＋溶液）或0.15 g/L（Cu2＋/Pb2＋溶液）时出现最大值。溶液pH值对树脂吸附性能有显著影响。3.0