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1.
Changes in soil chemical and microbiological properties during 4 years of application of various organic residues 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
A 4-year field trial was established in eastern Sweden to evaluate the effects of organic waste on soil chemical and microbiological variables. A simple crop rotation with barley and oats was treated with either compost from household waste, biogas residue from household waste, anaerobically treated sewage sludge, pig manure, cow manure or mineral fertilizer. All fertilizers were amended in rates corresponding to 100kgNha(-1)year(-1). The effects of the different types of organic waste were evaluated by subjecting soil samples, taken each autumn 4 weeks after harvest, to an extensive set of soil chemical (pH, Org-C, Tot-N, Tot-P, Tot-S, P-AL, P-Olsen, K-AL, and some metals) and microbiological (B-resp, SIR, microSIR active and dormant microorganisms, PDA, microPDA, PAO, Alk-P and N-min) analyses. Results show that compost increased pH, and that compost as well as sewage sludge increased plant available phosphorus; however, the chemical analysis showed few clear trends over the 4 years and few clear relations to plant yield or soil quality. Biogas residues increased substrate induced respiration (SIR) and, compared to the untreated control amendment of biogas residues as well as compost, led to a higher proportion of active microorganisms. In addition, biogas residues increased potential ammonia oxidation rate (PAO), nitrogen mineralization capacity (N-min) as well as the specific growth rate constant of denitrifiers (microPDA). Despite rather large concentrations of heavy metals in some of the waste products, no negative effects could be seen on either chemical or microbiological soil properties. Changes in soil microbial properties appeared to occur more rapidly than most chemical properties. This suggests that soil microbial processes can function as more sensitive indicators of short-term changes in soil properties due to amendment of organic wastes. 相似文献
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B. Beck-Friis M. Pell U. Sonesson H. Jönsson H. Kirchmann 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2000,62(3):317-331
Composting can be a source of N2O andCH4 production. In this investigation, differentcompost heaps of organic household waste weremonitored with the focus on potential formation ofCH4 and N2O in the heaps and emission ofthese gases from the heaps. The studied compost heapshad different compost ages, turning intervals andcompost sizes. The analysed compost gases containedbetween 1–3421 L of N2O-N L-1 and 0–470 mL of CH4 L-1. The emission rates ofN2O and CH4 from the compost heaps werebetween 1–1464 mg N2O m-2 day-1 and0–119 000 mg CH4 m-2 day-1. These verylarge differences in compost gas composition andemission indicate the importance of compostmanagement. The results also give an understanding ofwhere in the composting process an increasing emissionof N2O and CH4 can occur. 相似文献
4.
Effects of ethylenediurea (EDU) on ozone-induced acceleration of foliar senescence in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Experiments were conducted to examine the effects of the anti-ozonant ethylenediurea (EDU) and chronic ozone (O3) exposure on leaf physiology and senescence in an O3-sensitive potato cultivar (Solanum tuberosum L. cv. Norland). A dose-response experiment showed that an EDU concentration of 15 mg l(-1) soil (given as a soil drench) provided complete protection from accelerated foliar senescence induced by exposure to 0.1 microl l(-1) O3 for 5 h day(-1) for 11 days. EDU doses of 45 and 75 mg active ingredient l(-1) soil also gave protection but were associated with symptoms of toxicity and delayed senescence. In further experiments, plants were given 0 or 15 mg EDU l(-1) soil and exposed to clean air or 0.1 microl l(-1) O3 for 5 h day(-1) for 14 days. Chronic O3 exposure in the absence of EDU resulted in accelerated foliar senescence, characterized by early declines in net photosynthesis and Rubisco quantity in O3-treated plants relative to controls. EDU in the presence of O3 gave complete protection against symptoms of accelerated senescence. Senescence was not delayed in plants that received EDU in the absence of O3, and no symptoms of EDU toxicity were evident. The results suggest that EDU-induced tolerance to O3 was not based on 'anti-senescent' properties of this anti-ozonant. 相似文献
5.
Thorsten Stahl Sandy Falk Alice Rohrbeck Sebastian Georgii Christin Herzog Alexander Wiegand Svenja Hotz Bruce Boschek Holger Zorn Hubertus Brunn 《Environmental Sciences Europe》2017,29(1):17
Background
When cooking on a barbecue grill, consumers often use aluminum grill pans. For one, the pan catches the fats and oils that would drip into the embers causing the formation of potentially noxious smoke, and the pan also protects the food from being burned by direct heat from the coals. In addition, new aluminum products for use in ovens and grills are becoming increasingly popular. Due to their light weight and excellent heat transfer camping, utensils made of aluminum are, for example, often used by fishermen and mountain climbers. Preparing food in aluminum utensils can, however, result in migration of the aluminum to the foodstuffs.Results/Conclusions
In this study presented here, it was found that the transfer limit of 5.00 mg/L for aluminum is not exceeded using simulants for oil or for tap water; however, with an aqueous solution of 0.5% citric acid, the limit is clearly exceeded at 638 mg/L. This means that the Tolerable Weekly Intake (TWI) is exceeded by 298% for a child weighing 15 kg and for an adult weighing 70 kg it is equivalent to 63.8% of the TWI, assuming a daily uptake of 10 mL marinade containing lemon juice over a period of 1 week. Preparation of a fish dish with a marinade containing lemon juice in camping dishes would result in the TWI being exceeded by 871% for a child weighing 15 kg and by 187% for an adult weighing 70 kg assuming a daily uptake of 250 g over a period of 1 week.6.
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Alice Gitchell R. Simonaitis Julian Heicklen 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(8):772-775
Additional inhibitors for the conversion of NO to NO2 in C3H6—NO—02 irradiated mixtures have been tested at 25°C. These mixtures initially contained 16 mTorr C3H6, 8 mTorr NO, 0.012 mTorr NO2, additive, and enough O2 to bring the total pressure to 100 Torr. The NO2 pressure was monitored photometrically. In the absence of additive, the NO2 pressure first increases with irradiation time reaching a maximum conversion at about 15 minutes. As the irradiation time increases beyond 15 min, the NO2 pressure drops. Before adding the inhibitors, runs were done with 10 Torr of CO added, and in these runs the conversion was speeded so that the maximum in NO2 pressure occurred at 10 min. This enhancement in conversion rate is considered to be diagnostic for the presence of HO radicals. Next 10-min irradiations were done with various amounts of hexafluorobenzene (C6F6), nitrobenzene (C6H5NO2), or naphtha lene (C10H8) added. The NO2 pressure was reduced to one-half its value in the absence of inhibitor with 270 mTorr C6F6’, 220 mTorr C6H5N02, or 4 mTorr C10Hg. The C10H8 is a very efficient inhibitor, but additions of up to 1 8.5 mTorr C10H8 did not reduce the N02 pressure to zero. Studies of the percent conversion of NO to NO2 vs. irradiation time were done with either 4.2 mTorr C10H8 or 40 mTorr 2,6-di-ferf-butyl-4-methylphenol (Ph) added. In the former case the peak conversion was delayed from 15 to 22 min, while in the latter case no delay occurred. However, with the Ph added, there appeared to be some reduction in the maximum value of percent conversion. 相似文献
9.
Alice Hague 《环境政策》2016,25(5):943-944
10.
Roberto Rosal Ismael Rodea-Palomares Karina Boltes Francisca Fernández-Piñas Francisco Leganés Soledad Gonzalo Alice Petre 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2010,17(1):135-144