公民对全球环境变化的响应——以上海、香港地区为例

工业革命以来，全球环境发生了前所未有的变化，将可能给地球系统带来灾难性后果，究其原因主要是由于人类活动造成的。人的行为深受意识的影响和制约,环境意识对于环境问题的产生和解决至关重要。本文选取上海、香港两个地区来分析公民对环境的关注度、公民的环保意识、环保行为以及公民对政府环境工作的看法和评价，研究公民对全球环境变化反应的区域差异，为政府制定相关环境保护政策提供理论依据。调查结果显示，上海、香港两地公民在很多环境闷题上具有共识。但是。在对手环境状况好转的期待值、参与环境保护活动的积极性、对人为因素主导力量的认识、环境保护与日常生活的切实关系、为环境保护的支付意愿、对于环境教育内容的认可度等方面存在着一定的差异。     

紫茎泽兰制备生物炭及其应用研究进展

紫茎泽兰作为世界性的有害入侵植物,因其适应能力强、扩散速度快、植株内含有有害物质而对农林牧业乃至人类健康产生不利影响。因此,如何对其有效防控和综合利用已成为国内外关注的热点问题。生物炭是有机物质在低氧或缺氧条件下热解碳化而形成的富碳固体物质,因其独特的性质和潜在的价值而被广泛用于农业土壤改良与环境修复等领域。将紫茎泽兰热解制备生物炭,既降低了生物炭生产成本,还实现了生态系统的保护和废弃物的高效利用。目前将紫茎泽兰作为原材料制备生物炭虽有一些相关的研究,但报道相对较少,且研究较分散、结论不一。因此,有必要对紫茎泽兰的利用现状和制备生物炭的应用潜力进行综述。本文结合目前紫茎泽兰应用研究现状,分析了紫茎泽兰制备生物炭的应用研究价值,综述了其在环境污染修复、农业土壤改良方面的应用,并在此基础上提出了今后的研究方向与展望,以期为今后开展相关研究工作提供参考和借鉴。     

贵阳市区大气降水中有机酸的研究

利用ICS-90常规离子色谱结合RFC-30型淋洗液在线发生器,对贵阳市区大气降水中的小分子有机酸进行了系统研究。测得贵阳市降水中的有机酸主要以甲酸[质量分数为(0.2-4.5)×10-6]、乙酸[质量分数为(0.6-5.3)×10-6]、草酸[质量分数为(0.1-4.9)×10-6]为主,其次是乳酸和丙酮酸,及少量丙酸和甲烷磺酸;有机酸对降水自由酸平均贡献为23.2%,占总阴离子的1.4%;通过比较贵阳市区有机酸前后二十年的变化,得出现阶段可能至少有近1/2乙酸和3/4甲酸来源于人类的活动,这说明有机酸人为源是其来源的重要组成部分。     

不同曝气位点对微氧强化硫酸盐还原-反硝化脱硫效果及群落结构的影响

微氧强化硫酸盐还原-反硝化脱硫(SR-DSR)工艺因具有同步处理废水中COD、NO~-_3、SO■生成S~0且运行成本低、流程短的优势而受到关注.但因不同曝气方式而在反应器中形成的不同微氧区的位置对反应器运行效能、S~0转化率和群落结构的影响尚不明确.因此,本文以5 mL·min~(-1)·L~(-1)曝气速率、10.4 mmol·L~(-1)硫酸钠、31 mmol·L~(-1)乳酸钠和8 mmol·L~(-1)硝酸钾连续运行膨胀颗粒污泥床(EGSB)反应器,对比研究了回流槽中(底部)曝气(微氧区位于反应器下部)和反应区上部曝气(微氧区分别位于反应器上部和下部但DO更低)运行稳定后,反应器的运行效能、S~0转化率和功能微生物的演替规律.结果表明,上部曝气时乳酸盐去除率为100%,出水中乙酸盐浓度为9.1 mmol·L~(-1),丙酸盐浓度为3.7 mmol·L~(-1),NO~-_3去除率为100%,出水中NO~-_2浓度为0.35 mmol·L~(-1),SO■去除率为84%,出水中S~(2-)浓度为2.6 mmol·L~(-1),S~0转化率为59%.与底部曝气相比,上部曝气时出水中乙酸盐和丙酸盐浓度分别升高2.2和1.9 mmol·L~(-1),NO~-_2浓度下降0.15 mmol·L~(-1),S~(2-)浓度降低0.5 mmol·L~(-1),SO■去除率和S~0转化率分别下降6%和1%.上部曝气时,反应器下部和上部均存在相对减弱的微氧环境,使得反应器中硫酸盐还原菌(SRB)Desulfomicrobium和Desulfobulbus的总丰度分别增加9%和5%,硫氧化反硝化菌(soNRB)Halothiobacillaceae和Sulfurovum的丰度均减小3.1%,异养反硝化菌(hNRB)Comamonas的丰度升高0.2%,互营菌Synergistaceae的丰度减少37%.其中,反应器下部的SRB和soNRB总丰度分别升高28%和3%,为SO■还原和S~0转化提供了充分条件,而反应器上部的微氧环境又减弱了SO■还原过程,从而降低了反应器出水中的S~(2-).因此,在碳源充足的条件下,可以采取反应器上部曝气的方式创造微氧环境,既可以保证较高的S~0转化率,又可以减少出水中S~(2-)和NO~-_2的浓度.     

ENVIRONMENTAL AUDITING: An Approach for Characterizing Tropospheric Ozone Risk to Forests

/ The risk tropospheric ozone poses to forests in the United States is dependent on the variation in ozone exposure across the distribution of the forests in question and the various environmental and climate factors predominant in the region. All these factors have a spatial nature, and consequently an approach to characterization of ozone risk is presented that places ozone exposure-response functions for species as seedlings and model-simulated tree and stand responses in a spatial context using a geographical information systems (GIS). The GIS is used to aggregate factors considered important in a risk characterization, including: (1) estimated ozone exposures over forested regions, (2) measures of ozone effects on species' and stand growth, and (3) spatially distributed environmental, genetic, and exposure influences on species' response to ozone. The GIS-based risk characterization provides an estimation of the extent and magnitude of the potential ozone impact on forests. A preliminary risk characterization demonstrating this approach considered only the eastern United States and only the limited empirical data quantifying the effect of ozone exposures on forest tree species as seedlings. The area-weighted response of the annual seedling biomass loss formed the basis for a sensitivity ranking: sensitive-aspen and black cherry (14%-33% biomass loss over 50% of their distribution); moderately sensitive-tulip popular, loblolly pine, eastern white pine, and sugar maple (5%-13% biomass loss); insensitive-Virginia pine and red maple (0%-1% loss). In the future, the GIS-based risk characterization will include process-based model simulations of the three- to 5-year growth response of individual species as large trees with relevant environmental interactions and model simulated response of mixed stands. The interactive nature of GIS provides a tool to explore consequences of the range of climate conditions across a species' distribution, forest management practices, changing ozone precursors, regulatory control strategies, and other factors influencing the spatial distribution of ozone over time as more information becomes available.KEY WORDS: Ecological risk assessment; GIS; Ozone; Risk characterization; Forests; Trees     

Interventions for Reducing Extinction Risk in Chytridiomycosis‐Threatened Amphibians

Wildlife diseases pose an increasing threat to biodiversity and are a major management challenge. A striking example of this threat is the emergence of chytridiomycosis. Despite diagnosis of chytridiomycosis as an important driver of global amphibian declines 15 years ago, researchers have yet to devise effective large‐scale management responses other than biosecurity measures to mitigate disease spread and the establishment of disease‐free captive assurance colonies prior to or during disease outbreaks. We examined the development of management actions that can be implemented after an epidemic in surviving populations. We developed a conceptual framework with clear interventions to guide experimental management and applied research so that further extinctions of amphibian species threatened by chytridiomycosis might be prevented. Within our framework, there are 2 management approaches: reducing Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (the fungus that causes chytridiomycosis) in the environment or on amphibians and increasing the capacity of populations to persist despite increased mortality from disease. The latter approach emphasizes that mitigation does not necessarily need to focus on reducing disease‐associated mortality. We propose promising management actions that can be implemented and tested based on current knowledge and that include habitat manipulation, antifungal treatments, animal translocation, bioaugmentation, head starting, and selection for resistance. Case studies where these strategies are being implemented will demonstrate their potential to save critically endangered species. Intervenciones para Reducir el Riesgo de Extinción en Anfibios Amenazados por la Quitridiomicosis     

Assessment of Pb uptake, translocation and immobilization in kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) for phytoremediation of sand tailings

The potential of kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) for phytoremediation of lead (Pb) on sand tailings was investigated.A pot experiment employing factorial design with two main effects of fertilizer and lead was conducted in a nursery using sand tailings from an ex-tin mine as the growing medium.Results showed that Pb was found in the root,stem,and seed capsule of kenaf but not in the leaf.Application of organic fertilizer promoted greater biomass yield as well as higher accumulation capacity of Pb.In Pb-spike...     

Characterizing ionic species in PM2:5 and PM10 in four Pearl River Delta cities, South China

PM_(2.5)and PM_(10)samples were collected at four major cities in the Pearl River Delta(PRD),South China,during winter and summer in 2002.Six water-soluble ions,Na~ ,NH_4~ ,K~ ,Cl~-,NO_3~- and SO_4~(2-)were measured using ion chromatography.On average,ionic species accounted for 53.3% and 40.5% for PM_(2.5)and PM_(10),respectively in winter and 39.4% and 35.2%,respectively in summer. Secondary ions such as sulfate,nitrate and ammonium accounted for the major part of the total ionic species.Sulfate was the most abundant species followed by nitrate.Overall,a regional pollution tendency was shown that there were higher concentrations of sulfate, nitrate and ammonium in Guangzhou City than those in the other PRD cities.Significant seasonal variations were also observed with higher levels of species in winter but lower in summer.The Asian monsoon system was favorable for removal and diffusion of air pollutants in PRD in summer while highly loading of local industrial emissions tended to deteriorate the air quality as well.NO_3~-/SO_4~(2-) ratio indicated that mobile sources have considerably contribution to the urban aerosol,and stationary sources should not be neglected. Besides the primary emissions,complex atmospheric reactions under favorable weather conditions should be paid more attention for the control of primary emission in the PRD region.     

Comparison of Three Extraction Methods for 17 β-Estradiol in Sand,Bentonite, and Organic-Rich Silt Loam

Extraction is an important procedure for samples that contain soil because other compounds in soil may affect analysis of estrogens. This study was conducted to evaluate three different extraction methods for 17β-estradiol in soil. Sand, bentonite, and organic-rich silt loam were spiked with 1 mg kg^{? 1} of 17β-estradiol as a model compound of estrogens. 17β-estradiol and its metabolites, estrone and estriol, were extracted using (i) a modified Bligh and Dyer extraction, (ii) a pressurized fluid extraction, and (iii) a diethyl ether extraction, and measured by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. There were significant differences in the extraction efficiency for 17β-estradiol among the extraction methods and the soils: the efficiencies ranged from 10% to 97%. Overall, the diethyl ether extraction method had the largest efficiency of 17β-estradiol with 45% and 57% for bentonite and silt loam, respectively. Transformation of 17β-estradiol to estrone and estriol in the different extraction methods was less than 3.6% during the extraction procedures. This study underlined the importance of sample preparation for estrogen analysis in soil samples.